Synthetic Resins Technology Handbook ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Author NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers ISBN 8178330261
Code ENI150 Format Paperback
Price: Rs 1100   1100 US$ 30   30
Pages: 588 Published 2005
Publisher Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.
Usually Ships within 5 days

Synthetic resin is typically manufactured using a chemical polymerization process. This process then results in the creation of polymers that are more stable and homogeneous than naturally occurring resin. Since they are more stable and are cheaper, various forms of synthetic resin are used in a variety of products such as plastics, paints, varnishes, and textiles. There are various kinds of synthetic resins; acetal resins, amino resins, phenolic resins, epoxy resins, fufuryl alcohol: resins, fluorocarbon resins, polyurethane resins, etc. Resins are polymeric compound which are available in nature and are also manufactured by synthetic routes. Some resins are also manufactured by partial modification of natural precursor polymer by chemical. The classic variety is epoxy resin, manufactured through polymerization, used as a thermoset polymer for adhesives and composites. Epoxy resin is two times stronger than concrete, seamless and waterproof. Various thermoplastic thermosetting polymers, including elastomers, have been incorporated to modify the properties for the cured epoxy resin products. Elastomers provide greater elongation and impact strength. Polysulfides, the most commonly used elastomer to flexibilise epoxy resins. Heat resistant polymers are employed for the various uses; heat flame resistant fibers plus ultra high strength, high modulus fibers; films, laminating varnishes and wire enamels; structural adhesives and molding powders. The Synthetic Resin Manufacturing industry initially enjoyed strong growth over its earlier history as plastics began to increasingly replace traditional materials such as wood, leather and metal. Plastic is estimated to have been the most used material globally. 

The book basically deals with new raw materials for cost reduction of alkyds and unsaturated polyester, amino resins, polyester based resins, enzymatic synthesis of phenolic copolymers, radiation curable hybrid formulation, self polishing anti fouling, epoxy resins, epoxy resins from methyl epichlorohydrin, fillers, reinforcements, and other additives, cardanol modified epoxy resins, baking coatings from epoxy derived from cardanol, phenolic resins, polyurethane resins, aqueous polyurethane dispersion technology, heat resistant resins, etc.
The resin have wide industrial uses like in lacquers, paints, textiles, varnishes, printing inks and cosmetic etc. this book contains formulae, processes and applications of various resins. This book will be very resourceful to new entrepreneurs, consultants, technical institutions, libraries and for those who wants to venture into this field.

1. ACROLEIN RESINS
Acrolein Monomer
Physical Properties     
Chemical Properties
Preparation 
Polymerization
Free Radical Homopolymerization
In Bulk and in Organic Media
In Aqueous Medium
Radical and Graft Copolymerization 
Properties of the Polymer Resin
Physical Properties
Structure 
Uses of the Polymers

2. ACRYLAMIDE RESINS
Physical Properties of the Monomers
Chemical Properties of the Monomers
Manufacture of Monomers
Polymerization
Free Radical Polymerization in Solution
Polyamide Formation 
Copolymerization
Chemical Reactions of Polymers
Uses

3. 2 CYANOACRYLIC ESTER RESINS
Preparation of Monomeric Esters
Properties of Monomeric Esters
Polymerization of Monomeric Esters
Free Radical Initiation
Anionic Initiation
Properties of Polymeric Esters

4. 2 HALO ACRYLIC ESTER RESINS
Physical Properties of Monomers
Chemical Properties of Monomers
Polymerization
Properties of Polymers
Processing
Uses
Test Methods

5. ACRYLIC EPOXY URETHANE RESINS
Introduction
Experimental
Raw Material
Synthesis of Acrylic Resin
Preparation of Epoxy Solution
Preparation of Acrylic Epoxy Blends
Preparation of Paints
Preparation of Test panels
Testing of Coatings
Results and Discussions
Conclusions

6. LIGHT STABILIZER ACRYLIC RESINS
Introduction
Experimental
Acrylic Polyol Resin Synthesis
Polymer Bound Light Stabilizer Acrylic Resin Synthesis
Coatings Compositions Containing Light Stabilized Acrylic Resins
Characterization
Results and Discussion
Acrylic Polyol Properties and Formulations
Film Properties
Accelerated Weathering of Acrylic Bound HALS Coatings
Accelerated Weathering of Acrylic Bound UVA Coatings
Summary

7. ACETAL RESINS
Preparation of polymers
Old Polymers of Formaldehyde
New Polymers of Formaldehyde
Polymerization of Trioxane
Polymerization Initiated by Irradiation
Higher Aldehydes
Other Aldehydes
Properties of Aldehyde Polymers
Polymers of Formaldehyde
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Polymers of Other Aldehydes
Processing of Formaldehyde Polymers
Molding
Other Methods of Processing
Uses of Polymers of Formaldehyde
Grades and Prices

8. ALKLENIMINE RESINS
Chemical Reactions of the Monomer
Polymerization of Alkylenimines
Properties of Polyalkylenimines
Uses of Polyalkylenimines
Use in Paper
Uses with Textiles
Natural Fibres
Synthetic Fibres
Uses with Plastics
Use as a Flocculating Agent
Uses in Ion Exchange and Complexing 
Miscellaneous Uses

9. ALLENE RESINS
Properties of the Monomer
Preparation
Polymerization
Properties of Polyallenes
Copolymerization

10. ALLYL RESINS
Allyl Polymerization
Properties of Some Allyl Monomers

11. ALLYL S TRIAZINE RESINS
Allyl Cyanurates and Allyl Isocyanurates
Synthesis and Properties of Monomers 
Polymerization
Homopolymerization
Copolymerization
Thermal Analysis of Homopolymers
Processing of Polymers
Properties of Polymers
Allylmelamines
Hexaallylmelamine
N,N Diallylmelamine
Allylmelamine Ethers

12. ALLYL ETHER RESINS
Physical Properties of Allyl Ether Monomers
Preparation of Allyl Ether Monomers
Allyl Ether Homopolymers
Polymerization
Physical and Chemical Properties
Uses
Allyl Ether Copolymers
Uses
Unsaturated Polyesters and Alkyds
Unmodified Allyl Ether Polyesters
Uses
Non oil Modified Polyester Resins
Uses
Oil Modified Polyesters
Polyurethane Elastomers
Reactions with Sulfur Compounds

13. ALLYL ESTER RESINS
Allyl Ester Monomers
Polymerization
Properties of Polymers
Processing
Molding Compounds
Reinforced Plastics
Decorative Laminates
Polymer Uses
Molded Parts
Reinforced Plastic Laminates
Decorative Laminates
Varnishes and Sealants
Monomer Uses
Diethylene Glycol Bis(Allyl Carbonate) Polymers
Properties of the Monomer
Manufacture of the Monomer
Polymerization Methods
Properties and Uses of Polymers
14. ALKYD RESINS
Introduction
Classification
Drying
Nondrying
Synthesis
Fatty Acid Method
Alcoholysis or Monoglycerides Method
Acidolysis Process
Etherification
Addition Reaction of Unsaturated Monobasic Fatty Acids
Addition Reactions with Other Unsaturated Alkyd Ingredients
Reactions During Coating Formation with Drying Alkyds
Reactions During Coating Formation in Alkyd Blends
Raw Materials
Polyhydric Alcohols
Polybasic Acids
Fatty Acids and Oils
Driers
Modifiers
Blending Agents
Fatty Acid Method
Fatty Acid Oil Method
Oil Dilution Method
Alcoholysis Method
Fusion versus Solvent Processing
Processing and Equipment Considerations Quality Control and Specifications
Use of Alkyds in Industrial Finishes
Alkyd Cellulose Nitrate Blends for Lacquers
Improved Adhesion
Gloss
Depth of Finish
Build
High Solids Lacquers
Shrinkage
Solvent Release
Heat Sealing
Cost
Industrial Alkyd Amino Resin Metal Finishes
Appliance Finishes
Alkyd Amino Resin Automotive Finishes
Use of Alkyds in Trade Sales Finishes
Interior Architectural Finishes
Alkyd Flat Wall Paints
Wall Primers and Sealers
Interior Semigloss Enamels
Interior Gloss Enamels
Exterior Architectural Finishes
Enamel Primers or Undercoaters
Exterior Air Drying Topcoat Enamels
Miscellaneous Trade Sales Finishes
Chemically Resistant Paints
Noncoating Uses
Oil Free Alkyds of Hydroxylated Polyester
Nonpolluting Resins

15. ACRYLIC MODIFIED ALKYD RESINS
Traffic Paints
Procedure
Procedure
Procedure
Industrial Applications
Conclusion

16. NEW RAW MATERIALS FOR COST REDUCTION OF ALLKYDS AND UNSATURATED POLYESTER
TPTHL   A New Raw Material for Alkyds 
Properties of TPTHL
Advantages of TPTHL
Disadvantages TPTHL
Polymer S: A New Raw Material for Unsaturated Polyester
Specification of Polymer S
Advantages of Polymer S
Disadvantages of Polymer S
Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester by Using Polymer S Reaction Charge
Conclusion

17. AMINO RESINS
Raw Materials
Urea
Melamine
Formaldehyde
Other Materials
Chemistry of Resin Formation
Manufacture
Typical Resin Formulation and Techniques
Parts List
Urea Formaldehyde Resins
Dimethylolurea
High Solids Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive Resin
Laboratory Procedure
Alkylation or Etherification
Butylated Urea Resin
Solubility and Compatibility
Mineral Spirits Tolerance
Protective Coating Resin with High Mineral Spirits Tolerance
Laboratory Procedure
Methylated Urea Formaldehyde Textile Resins
Laboratory Procedure
Urea Formaldehyde Particle Board Adhesive
Laboratory Procedure
Anionic Urea Resin
Cationic Resins
Cationic Urea Resin
Gap Filling Adhesives
Gap Filling Urea Adhesive
Melamine Formaldehyde Resins
Dimethylolurea
Butylated Melamine Resins
Butylated Melamine Protective Coating Resin
Laboratory Procedure
Protective Coating Resin with High Mineral Spirits Tolerance
Laboratory Procedure
Chlorine Resistant Melamine Resin
Laboratory Procedure
Trimethoxymethyl Melamine
Laboratory Procedure
Hexamethoxymethyl Melamine
Laboratory Procedure
Melamine Resin Molding Powder
Melamine Resin Acid Colloid
Control of the Extent of the Reaction
Free Formaldehyde Estimation
Viscosity Tests
Solubility Tests
Cure Tests
Urea versus Melamine Resins
Package Stability
Competitive Product Analysis
Uses
Chemical Modification for Water Soluble Products
Chemical Modification for Oil Soluble Products
Ethylene Urea
Propylene Urea
Triazone
Methylated Uron Textile Resins
Laboratory Procedure
Uron Resins
Glyoxal Resins
Miscellaneous Resins
Amino Resins in the Paper Industry
Formulations for Regular and HE Colloids
Other Uses
Toxicity

18. POLYESTER BASED RESINS
Introduction
Experimental
Solvent Borne Coil Coating Resin
Water Borne Coil Coating Resin
Coating BAL 389
New Glycol Formulations
Conclusion

19. ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF PHENOLIC COPOLYMERS
Introduction
Mechanism of Phenolic Polymerisation
Materials and Methods
Material Sources
Experimental
A) P Phenyl Phenol Cardphenol Copolymer Synthesis
B) P Phenyl Phenol Aniline Copolymer Synthesis
Results and Discussion
IR Interpretation
A) P Phenylphenol   Cardphenol Copolymer 
B) P Phenylphenol   Aniline Copolymer

20. PROTECTION AGAINST ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT WITH UVALINK ADP
Introduction
Ultraviolet Light as a Component of the Solar Spectrum
Influence of Geographical and Meteorological Conditions
Interaction of Light and Matter
Effects of Solar UV radiation
UV Stabilizers
Chemical Classes of UV Stabilizers
Markets and Producers
UVAL INK ADP
How UVALINK ADP Works
Conventional UV Stabilizers Behave Totally Differently

21. RADIATION CURABLE HYBRID FORMULATION
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Diluents
Chemistry
Photoinitiator System
Viscosity
Cure Speed
Humidity
Cured Film Properties
Diluent Comparison
Properties vs Cure Speed

22. MICROGEL EMULSIONS
Introduction
Microgels are Prepared
Microgels by Radical Initiated Polymerisation in Emulsion
Experimental
Apparatus
Preparation of Monomer/Pre Emulsion
Reaction Flask Charge
Procedure
Preparation of Emulsions
Characterization and Analysis
Paint Study
Paint Preparation
Characterization of Paint
Results and Discussions
Conclusions

23. SELF POLISHING ANTIFOULINGS
Marine Fouling
Types of Foulings
Fouling on Ship Hulls
Underwater Hull Roughness
Measurement of Average Hull Roughness
Limitation of Hull Roughness Measurement
Antifoulings
Soluble Matrix Paints
Insoluble Matrix Paints
Self Polishing Paints
Organotin Polymers
History and Development
Basic Characteristic Required
Organotin Monomers
Synthesis
Synthesis of Organotin Monomer
Testing of Prepared Organotin Monomer
Polymerization
Copolymerization
Tributyltin Acrylate/Second Monomer
Tributyltin Methacrylate/Second Monomer
Influence of Solvents on Copolymerization
Modifications of Functional Polymers   Route B.
Determination of Polymer Composition
Characteristics of Organotin Polymers
Influence of the Presence of Diorganotin Impurities During Synthesis
Self Polishing A/F. Paint Composition and Role of Ingredients
Organotin Polymer
Sea Water Soluble Pigments
Retarders
Reinforcing Bioactive Materials
Other Ingredients
Viscosity Control of Self Polishing Paints
Dissolution/Erosion Mechanisms
Binder Phase
Pigment Phase
Reactions Which Affect the Pigment Phase
Reactions Which Affect the Binder Phase
Equilibrium Between Pigment Phase and the Binder Phase
Uniform Distribution of Toxins in the Paint Film
Influence of Various Parameters on the Polishing Rate
Internal
External
Testing of Self Polishing Antifoulings
Dynamic Testing
Leaching Rate Measurement
Various Types of Self Polishing Paint
Environmental Consideration
Scope and Future Trends

24. EPOXY RESINS
Introduction
Synthesis of Resin Intermediates
Resins from Epichlorohydrin and Bisphenol A
Synthesis of Resin having Average Molecular Weight of about 370 and 1,2 Epoxy Equivalency of 1.85
Synthesis of Medium and High Molecular Weight Epoxy Resins
Cycloaliphatic Epoxies
Epoxidized Polyolefins
Epoxidised Oils and Fatty Acid Esters
Aliphatic Cycloaliphatic Glycidyl Type Resins
Glycidyl Ethers
Glycidyl Esters
Epoxy Novolac Resins
Resins from Phenols other than Bisphenol A
Resins from Aliphatic Polyols
Resins from Long Chain Acids
Fluorinated Epoxy Resins
Epoxy Resins from Methylepichlorohydrin
Miscellaneous Epoxy Resins
Epoxy Esters
Water Borne Epoxy Resins and Derivatives
Diluents and Modifiers
Diluents
Flexibilisers
Bituminous Modifiers
Synthetic Polymers as Modifiers
Fillers, Reinforcements, and Other Additives
Epoxide Reactions and Curing Mechanisms
Catalytic Curing Agents
Reactive Curing Agents
Curing of Epoxy Esters

25. CARDANOL MODIFIED EPOXY RESINS
Introduction
Experiments
Evaluation of Resins Prepared
Reactions
Preparation of Card Bisphenol
Homopolymerisation of Cardanol
Self Condensation of Phenol
Chemical Reaction Investigation
Process Modification
Qualitative Determination of Purity of Desired Product
Investigation using Boron Trifluoride as Cationic Condensing Agent
Removal of Excess of Phenol
Baking Coatings from Epoxy Derived from Cardanol
Air Drying Coatings from Acrylated Card Bisphenol Epoxies
Conclusion

26. FUFURYL ALCOHOL : RESINS
Chemistry
Principal Uses
Foundry Resins
Mortars, Grouts and Cements
Laminating Resins
Furan Polymer Concrete
Impregnating Solution and Carbon Binder
Epoxy Resins
Phenolic and Urea Resin Modification
Oil Well Sand Consolidation
Corrosion Resistant Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Low Fire Hazard Foams
Impregnants
Developmental Impregnants
Furfural Acetone Resin Impregnant
Resin Pitch Impregnants
Alkaline Curing Resin Pitch Impregnant
Acid Curing Resin Pitch Impregnant
Solvent Applications
Chemical Synthesis
Health and Safety
Furan & Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol : Resins Furan
Chemical Properties
Peroxide Formation
Uses
Toxicology
Tetrahydrofurfruyl Alcohol (THFA)
Chemical Properties
Manufacture
Applications in Stripping Formulations
Paint, Varnish, Caulk etc.
Consumer Cleaning Products
Improved Products for Industrial and Commercial Cleaning Applications
Use in Approved Biocide and Pesticide Formulations
For Insect Repellents, Insecticides, and Herbicides
Applications in Polymers, Resins and Elastomers
Cleaning, Dyeing, and Finishing
Applications as a Plasticizer and Finishing Agent
Other Uses
2,5 Bis (Hydroxymethyl) Furan
Manufacture
Applications

27. FLUOROCARBON RESINS
Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Properties
Methods of Manufacture
Commercial Grades and Specifications
Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene
Characterization by Infrared Spectroscopy
Specification Tests
Procedure
Melting Point
Procedure
Specific Gravity
Procedure
Apparent Density
Procedure
Particle size
Procedure
Procedure
Specific Surface Area
Water Content
Procedure
Procedure
Thermal Instability
Color
Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer
Properties
Methods of Manufacture
Commercial Grades and Specifications
Analysis of Tetrafluoroethylene Hexalfuoroproylene Copolymer
Other Fluorine Containing Polymers
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
Chlorotrifluoroethylene Vinylidene Fluoride Copolymer
Poly(vinyl Fluoride)
Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)
Vinylidene Fluoride Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer
Method of Analysis
Zero Strength Time
Procedure
Volatiles
Procedure
Mooney Viscosity
Procedure
Physical Test for Cured Elastomers
Procedure

28. PHENOLIC RESINS
The Chemistry of Phenolic Resins
Factors Influencing Resin Formation
The Nature of the Catalyst
Base Catalysed Phenolic Resins
Acid Catalysed Phenolic Resins
Concentration of the Catalyst 
The Phenol Aldehyde Ratio
The Chemical Nature of the Phenol and the Aldehyde 
The Temperature and Reaction Time
Modifying Agents, Fillers, and Extenders
The Structure of Phenolic Resins
Formation of Phenol Alcohols
Formation of Methylene Bridges
Formation of Dibenzyl Ethers
Formation of Quinone Methides
Raw Materials
Phenols
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
Aldehydes
Paraformaldehyde
Trioxane and Cyclic Formals
Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA)
Furfural
Other Aldehydes
Fillers for Phenolic Moulding Powders
Primary Requirements 
Secondary Requirements
Types of Filler
Organic Filler
Lignin and Lignin Extended Fillers Proteinaceous Fillers
Carbon Fillers
Mineral Fillers
Thermal Degradation
Modified and Thermal Resistance Resins
Etherification Reactions
Esterification Reactions
Heavy Metal Modified Resins
Chemical Resistance
Resistance to Microorganism
Oil Soluble Phenolic Resins
Composite Wood Material
Moulding Compounds
Applications
Heat and Sound Insulation Materials
Industrial Laminates and Paper Impregnation
Coatings
Foundry Resins
Precoated Resin Shell Sand
Precoated Resin Shelll Sand : Warm Coating Process
Precoated Resin Shell Sand : Hot Coating Process
Phenolic Resin as Ion Exchange Resin
Abrasive Materials
Formulation for the Manufacturing of Roughing Wheels
Friction Materials
Phenolic Resin in Rubbers and Adhesives

29. POLYURETHANE RESINS
Polyurethanes Resins
Chemistry
Raw Materials
Isocyanates
Tolylene Diisocyanate (TDI)
4,4 Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI)
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI)
Other Diisocyanates used in Coating Systems
Hydroxy Component
Hazards of Isocyanates
Classification of Polyurethanes
Urethane Oils and Urethane Alkyds
Moisture Cured Urethanes
Storage Stability
Cross Linking Density
Drying Time
Catalysts
Solvents
Pigmentation
Additives
Film Properties and Uses
Typical Formulations
Manufacture
Blocked Isocyanate Systems
Two Component Catalyst Cured Polyurethanes
Two Component Polyol Type Polyurethanes
Formulation
Formulation
30. AQUEOUS POLYURETHANE DISPERSION TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Concept of Aqueous PUD
Chemical Classification
Preparation Procedures
Chemical Crosslinking
Factors Influencing Performance
Recent Advantages
Combination of PUD with Acrylics
Characterisation of Aqueous PUDs
Applications
The future

31. HEAT RESISTANT RESINS
Thermal Stability
Synthesis and Properties
Simple Condensation Polymers
Heterocyclic Polymers
Health and Safety Factors
Applications
Fibres
Films
Varnishes
Adhesives
Molding Powders

 

ACRYLIC-EPOXY-URETHANE RESINS

INTRODUCTION

Polyurethanes have occupied the highest position in the realm of surface coatings due to their outstanding properties such as abrasion, corrosion resistance and resistance to extremities of weather(1-5). The urethane coatings are chiefly classified as per ASTM into five categories, viz., oil modified, moisture cured, blocked, prepolymer catalysed and two-pack systems. In the present paper, the two-pack system has been selected for the study of the hydroxyl functional polymers, viz., acrylics, expoxies and their combination in different rations as a base and a proprietory aliphatic isocyanate adduct as a curing agent.

The acrylic polymer was synthesized and characterised in our laboratory, while a proprietory epoxy has been chosen for this study. The base paint of acrylic, epoxy and their combination in the ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 were made using the ball milling process. The base paint and the isocyanate prepolymer adduct (curing agent) were mixed in a stoichiometric proportion and were applied over the epoxy primed mild steel panels. The performance of this cured film was checked after 7 days of drying.

EXPERIMENTAL

Raw Materia

Table 1. Raw Materials

The raw materials used in this study are listed in Table 1. All the solvents chosen for this study were confirmed to be moisture free. The materials like Desmodure N-75 and Araldite 6097 were used, as supplied, after their characterisation.

Synthesis of acrylic resin

Into the Kettle equipped with a nitrogen inlet, a mechanical stirrer, a heating mantle, a reflux condensor and an addition funnel were placed 56 PWB of cellosolve acetate and degassed with nitrogen for 15 minutes. Simultaneously, the cello-solve acetate was heated to 140°C. and maintained at that temperature. To the premix monomers, in the requisite composition, the catalyst was added and matured for 10 minutes after dissolution. This monomer mix containing the catalyst was taken into the addition funnel and charged into the reaction kettle in 5 hours at an uniform rate maintaining the temperature at 140 ± 2°C. After completing the addition of the monomer mix, the charge was digested to get a consistent viscosity and non-violatiles. The resin solution was filtered and characterised for its physical constants.

Preparation of Epoxy Solution

The purchased Araldite 6097 was converted into a solution and characterised for its physical constants.

Preparation of Acrylic-Epoxy blends

The acrylic and epoxy systems described above were mixed in different desired ratios and characterised similar to the parent system.

Table 2. Characterisation of Experimental Resin

Table 3. Two Pack Polyurethane Paints with Different Polyols

Table 4: Mechanical Properties of Various Urethane Systems

Preparation of Paints

While the paint was made with each experimental resin, viz., acrylic, epoxy and their combinations using the ball milling technique with TiO2 pigment. The consistency of all the paints were brought to 100 to 120 seconds on Ford Cup B4 at 30°C. The PVC of the paint was maintained in the range of 13-17% with a volume solids 42-45%. The details of paint formulation are summarized in Table 3.

Preparation of test panels

A two-component epoxy red oxide zinc phosphate primer was applied on sanded M. S. panels at a dry film thickness of 30-35 microns. The primer was allowed to dry for 24 hours before the topcoat of the experimental paint was applied at a dry film thickness of 35-40 microns. The painted panels were allowed to dry at an ambient temperature and at a relative humidity of 65% for a period of 7 days. The dry film thickness of the total system was maintained at 70-75 Microns.

Testing of Coatings

Panels prepared by the above technique were evaluated for the performance conforming to standard test methods. The test methods and ASTM Number are (i) Mechanical Properties such as Scatch Hardness, Adhesion, etc. (ASTM B 3359), (ii) Flexibility on Conical Mandrel (ASTM D 522), (iii) Erichsen Cupping Value (ASTM D 5870).

In the case of chemical resistance, 10% sulphuric acid, 10% NaOH and 10% NaCl were chosen. Salt Spray (ASTM B 117), Humidity Resistance (ASTM B 2247), Boil Water Resistance were selected for assessing the corrosion resistance.

For Weather Resistance, QUV (UV exposure 4 hours at 50° C and condensation 4 hours at 45°C conforming to ASTM G 53) has been chosen and exposure was continued for 1 month.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In Table 2, the physical constants fo acrylic, epoxy and their combinations at different ratios are given. The isocyanate requirement has been calculated on the basis of the hydroxyl value considering the isocynate content of Desmodur N-75 at 16.5%. The Stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 was maintained in all cases. However, the PVC (13-17%) and volume solids (42-45%) could not be maintained at the same level because of different viscosity pattern. But the final testing, evaluation and comparison have been done at the same dry film thickness of 70-75 Microns of the composite system.

The drying time and initial appearance of all the systems were found to be comparable to each other. Mechanical properties, particularly scratch hardness of acrylic epoxy system (3:1) was found superior as compared to acrylicurethane or epoxy-urethane.

The chemical resistance, particularly 10% sulphuric acid of acrylic-epoxly (3:1), was superior to either acrylic-urethane or epoxy-urethane. Acrylic-urethane (3:1), however, has a comparable chemical resistance in 10% NaCl and 10% NaOH to that of the epoxy-urethane system which is known for its chemical resistance.

Table 5. *Chemical and Corrosion Resistance of Various Urethane Systems

Corrosion resistance data given in Table 5 clearly indicates the superiority of acrylic-epoxy (3:1) system as against the acrylic-urethane or epoxy-urethane systems.

As far as weathering resistance in terms of QUV is concerned, acrylic-epoxy (3:1) was found to be retaining 50% of its original gloss without any film defects for 1 month, whereas epoxy-urethane turned out to be totally matt and acrylic-urethane showed 85% of gloss retention.

Table 6. QUV Resistance of various urethane system exposed for one month

[th align=center]System[th align=center]Gloss retention

Acrylic/Urethane 85%
Epoxy/Urethane Total matt
Acrylic: Epoxy (1:3) 05%
Acrylic: Epoxy (1:1) 20%
Acrylic: Epoxy (3:1) 50%

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the above results and discussions, it can be concluded that the epoxy-urethane system is well known for its excellent chemical and corrosion resistance, but poor outdoor durability. On the other hand, acrylic-urethane is an ideal system for exterior durability with moderate chemical and corrosion resistance. The combination of acrylic-epoxy cured with urethane prepolymer has resulted in a coating system superior to either epoxy-urethane or acrylic-urethane. Among the acrylic-epoxy base of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 w/w, the acrylic-epoxy system of 3:1 cured with urethane prepolymer showed an excellent performance in mechanical, chemical and corrosion resistance with 50% gloss retention in QUV exposure. Further, this paper gives a scope to make a tailor made urethane coating by a proper selection of the acrylic-epoxy resin combination to achieve a variety of coatings on different substrates in different environments.

 

 

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• What are the costs involved?
• What will be the market potential?


The report first focuses on enhancing the basic knowledge of the entrepreneur about the main product, by elucidating details like product definition, its uses and applications, industry segmentation as well as an overall overview of the industry sector in India. The report then helps an entrepreneur identify the target customer group of its product. It further helps in making sound investment decision by listing and then elaborating on factors that will contribute to the growth of product consumption in India and also talks about the foreign trade of the product along with the list of top importing and top exporting countries. Report includes graphical representation and forecasts of key data discussed in the above mentioned segment. It further explicates the growth potential of the product.

The report includes other market data like key players in the Industry segment along with their contact information and recent developments. It includes crucial information like raw material requirements, list of machinery and manufacturing process for the plant. Core project financials like plant capacity, costs involved in setting up of project, working capital requirements, projected revenue and profit are further listed in the report.


Reasons for buying the report:

• This report helps you to identify a profitable project for investing or diversifying into by throwing light to crucial areas like industry size, demand of the product and reasons for investing in the product.

• This report provides vital information on the product like its definition, characteristics and segmentation.

• This report helps you market and place the product correctly by identifying the target customer group of the product.

• This report helps you understand the viability of the project by disclosing details like raw materials required, manufacturing process, project costs and snapshot of other project financials.

• The report provides forecasts of key parameters which helps to anticipate the industry performance and make sound business decision.

 

Our Approach:


• Our research reports broadly cover Indian markets, present analysis, outlook and forecast.

• The market forecasts are developed on the basis of secondary research and are cross-validated through interactions with the industry players. 

• We use reliable sources of information and databases.  And information from such sources is processed by us and included in the report.

 

Our Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report Contains following information:

 

 

Ø  Introduction

·         Project Introduction

·         Project Objective and Strategy

·         Concise History of the Product

·         Properties

·         BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) Provision & Specification

·         Uses & Applications

 

Ø  Market Study and Assessment

·         Current Indian Market Scenario

·         Present Market Demand and Supply

·         Estimated Future Market Demand and Forecast

·         Statistics of Import & Export

·         Names & Addresses of Existing Units (Present Players)

·         Market Opportunity

 

Ø  Raw Material

·         List of Raw Materials

·         Properties of Raw Materials

·         Prescribed Quality of Raw Materials

·         List of Suppliers and Manufacturers

 

Ø  Personnel (Manpower) Requirements

·         Requirement of Staff & Labor (Skilled and Unskilled) Managerial, Technical, Office Staff and Marketing Personnel

 

Ø  Plant and Machinery

·         List of Plant & Machinery

·         Miscellaneous Items

·         Appliances & Equipments

·         Laboratory Equipments & Accessories

·         Electrification

·         Electric Load & Water

·         Maintenance Cost

·         Sources of Plant & Machinery (Suppliers and Manufacturers)

 

Ø  Manufacturing Process and Formulations

·         Detailed Process of Manufacture with Formulation

·         Packaging Required

·         Process Flow Sheet Diagram

 

Ø  Infrastructure and Utilities

·         Project Location

·         Requirement of Land Area

·         Rates of the Land

·         Built Up Area

·         Construction Schedule

·         Plant Layout and Requirement of Utilities

 

Project at a Glance

Along with financial details as under:

 

  •     Assumptions for Profitability workings

  •    Plant Economics

  •    Production Schedule

  •    Land & Building

            Factory Land & Building

            Site Development Expenses

  •    Plant & Machinery

             Indigenous Machineries

            Other Machineries (Miscellaneous, Laboratory etc.)

  •    Other Fixed Assets

            Furniture & Fixtures

            Pre-operative and Preliminary Expenses

            Technical Knowhow

            Provision of Contingencies

  •   Working Capital Requirement Per Month

             Raw Material

            Packing Material

            Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

           Consumable Store

  •   Overheads Required Per Month And Per Annum

         Utilities & Overheads (Power, Water and Fuel Expenses etc.)

             Royalty and Other Charges

            Selling and Distribution Expenses

  •    Salary and Wages

  •    Turnover Per Annum

  •   Share Capital

            Equity Capital

            Preference Share Capital

 

  •    Annexure 1:: Cost of Project and Means of Finance

  •    Annexure 2::  Profitability and Net Cash Accruals

                Revenue/Income/Realisation

                Expenses/Cost of Products/Services/Items

                Gross Profit

                Financial Charges     

                Total Cost of Sales

                Net Profit After Taxes

                Net Cash Accruals

  •   Annexure 3 :: Assessment of Working Capital requirements

                Current Assets

                Gross Working. Capital

                Current Liabilities

                Net Working Capital

                Working Note for Calculation of Work-in-process

  •    Annexure 4 :: Sources and Disposition of Funds

  •    Annexure 5 :: Projected Balance Sheets

                ROI (Average of Fixed Assets)

                RONW (Average of Share Capital)

                ROI (Average of Total Assets)

  •    Annexure 6 :: Profitability ratios

                D.S.C.R

                Earnings Per Share (EPS)

               

             Debt Equity Ratio

        Annexure 7   :: Break-Even Analysis

                Variable Cost & Expenses

                Semi-Var./Semi-Fixed Exp.

                Profit Volume Ratio (PVR)

                Fixed Expenses / Cost 

                B.E.P

  •   Annexure 8 to 11:: Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume

            Resultant N.P.B.T

            Resultant D.S.C.R

   Resultant PV Ratio

   Resultant DER

  Resultant ROI

          Resultant BEP

  •    Annexure 12 :: Shareholding Pattern and Stake Status

        Equity Capital

        Preference Share Capital

  •   Annexure 13 :: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks

        Determined Capacity P.A of Products/Services

        Achievable Efficiency/Yield % of Products/Services/Items 

        Net Usable Load/Capacity of Products/Services/Items   

       Expected Sales/ Revenue/ Income of Products/ Services/ Items   

  •    Annexure 14 :: Product wise domestic Sales Realisation

  •    Annexure 15 :: Total Raw Material Cost

  •    Annexure 16 :: Raw Material Cost per unit

  •    Annexure 17 :: Total Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

  •    Annexure 18  :: Consumables, Store etc.,

  •    Annexure 19  :: Packing Material Cost

  •    Annexure 20  :: Packing Material Cost Per Unit

  •    Annexure 21 :: Employees Expenses

  •    Annexure 22 :: Fuel Expenses

  •    Annexure 23 :: Power/Electricity Expenses

  •    Annexure 24 :: Royalty & Other Charges

  •    Annexure 25 :: Repairs & Maintenance Exp.

  •    Annexure 26 :: Other Mfg. Expenses

  •    Annexure 27 :: Administration Expenses

  •    Annexure 28 :: Selling Expenses

  •    Annexure 29 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (Total)

  •   Annexure 30   :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (P & M)

  •   Annexure 31   :: Depreciation Charges - As per IT Act WDV (Total)

  •   Annexure 32   :: Depreciation Charges - As per IT Act WDV (P & M)

  •   Annexure 33   :: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans

  •   Annexure 34   :: Tax on Profits

  •   Annexure 35   ::Projected Pay-Back Period And IRR