Profitable Small Scale Industries- Money making Business Ideas for Startup (when you don’t know what industry to start) 2nd Revised Edition ( ) ( Best Seller ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Author NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers ISBN 9789381039922
Code ENI187 Format Paperback
Price: Rs 975   975 US$ 26   26
Pages: 520 Published 2019
Publisher Niir Project Consultancy Services
Usually Ships within 5 Days

 

Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) have been playing an important role in the overall economic development of a country like India, where millions of people are unemployed or underemployed. The economic development of any country primarily depends upon the establishment of industries. MSME sector comprises 95 per cent of the total industrial units in the country.

The hunt for funding has been the bane of an entrepreneur’s existence from times of yore. Many abandon their dream to build, create, and innovate in the face of this difficult struggle without realising that a good business idea will eventually pool in the bounty-full once it has secured a place in the market.

Your idea will bring you your company, your company will bring you the people, and the people will bring you the market. A good idea has no monetary value, just a whole lot of bursting potential. Today, the World's most successful entrepreneurs like Dhiru Bhai Ambani and Karsanbhai Patel – Man behind NIRMA may hold the possibility of building pyramids out of notes, but none of them started at the top of the ladder. Facebook was created out of a Harvard dorm room at minimal cost and Microsoft was formed two years after Gates decided to drop out of college.

For an entrepreneur starting out, it makes good business sense to avoid ideas that require high capital investment in equipment, land, etc. Venturing into the manufacturing business requires to divide time and effort between making business plan, creating the product, and selling. It is best to venture into product areas that requires small to medium investment, which can be returned within   few years. If one want to start off on his own, this book provides some manufacturing business ideas with small and medium investment.

The major contents of the book are India Government Loan Schemes for Small Scale Businesses, Government Support for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India, Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, Packaging and Labeling, Products Packaging, Marketing, Onion Dehydration, Garlic Dehydration, Onion Pickle, Onion Chutney, Garlic Oil, Onion Powder, Ginger Oil, Ginger Powder, Ginger Paste, Tomato Pulp, Tomato Paste, Tomato Ketchup, Tomato Powder, Disposable Blood Bags, Disposable Masks, Disposable Surgical Catheters, Disposable Plastic Syringes, Plastic Cups, Disposable Banana Leaf Plate, Facial Tissue & Baby Wet Wipes, Urea Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive, Toothpaste Production, Gypsum Board, Surgical Absorbent Cotton, Glass Fibre, Complex Fertilizers, Activated Carbon from Wood, Biscuits, Candy, Chocolates, Milk Powder, Instant Noodles, Khakhra, Soft Drinks, Spices and Sample Plant Layouts.

 

 If you ever had an idea that you want to turn into a profitable business endeavor, this book will be a mile stone for you.

 

          Remember Dhirubhai Ambani said, “Ideas are no one’s monopoly Think big, think fast, think ahead.”

 

1. Introduction                                                                 

         Characteristics of Small-Scale Industries

         Objectives of Small Scale Industries

         Advantages of Small Scale Industries

         Growth of Small Scale Industries

         Steps to Starting a Business

         1. Identify Your Business Opportunity

         2. Build a Business Plan

         3. Find Start-up Money

         4. Name Your Business

         5. Choose a Business Structure

         6. Get Your Business License and Permits

         7. Set Up & Determine Your Business Location

         8. Get Business Insurance

         9. Create an Accounting System

         Registration of Small Scale Industries

         Two Types of Registration are done in all States

         Procedure for Registration

         How to Apply

         Procedure

         Step 1: Provisional Small Scale Industry (SSI) Registration

         Benefits of Provisional SSI Registration

         Step 2: Start the Business

         Step 3: Apply for Permanent SSI Registration

   2.   India Government Loan Schemes for

         Small  Scale Businesses                                      

         List of Government Loan Schemes for Small Business in India

         1. The Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises

         2. Credit Link Capital Subsidy Scheme for Technology Upgradation

         3. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

         4. National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC)

         5. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

         6. Market Development Assistance Scheme for MSMEs

         7. Technology and Quality Upgradation Support to MSMEs

         8. Mini Tools Room and Training Centre Scheme

         9.  MUDRA Loan

   3.   Government Support for Innovation

         and Entrepreneurship in India                         

   4.   Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana                          

         Product / Offerings of MUDRA

         Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)

         Micro Credit Scheme

         Refinance Scheme for Banks

         Women Enterprise Programme

         Securitization of Loan Portfolio

         Purpose of MUDRA Loan

         Transport Vehicle

         Community, Social & Personal Service Activities

         Food Products Sector

         Textile Products Sector / Activity

         Business Loans for Traders and Shopkeepers

         Equipment Finance Scheme for Micro Units

         Activities Allied to Agriculture

         Eligibility – Who are Eligible to Avail Loan Under Mudra Scheme?

         Interest Rates of Mudra Bank Loan – Interest Rate

         How to Apply for Mudra Loan – Process of Receiving Currency Loans

         Step 1: Gathering Information and Choosing the Right Bank

         Step 2: Preparing Documents and Submitting Applications

         Checklist for Mudra Loan (Documents Required)

         How to Apply for Bank Mudra Loan

         Whom to Contact for Assistance?

   5.   Packaging and Labeling                                       

         Functions of Packaging

   6.   Products Packaging                                             

         Introduction

         Definition of Food Packaging

         Functions of Packaging Material

         Packaging Materials for Tomato and its Products

         Packaging of Tomato

         Flexible Packaging

         Forms of Flexible Packaging

         Manufacturing Techniques

         Plastics in Food Packaging

         Use of Plastics in Food Packaging

         Types of Plastics Used in Food Packaging

         Types of Plastic Used in Packaging

         Polyethylene

         Polypropylene (PP)

         Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)

         Polyethylene Naphthalene Dicarboxylate (PEN)

         Flexographic Printing

         Digital Printing

         Printing and Labelling of Rigid Plastic Containers

         In-mould Labelling

         Labelling

         Dry Offset Printing

         Silk Screen Printing

         Heat Transfer Printing

         Glass and Glass Container Manufacture

         Melting

         Container Forming

         Design Parameters of Glass Containers

         Surface Treatments

         Hot End Treatment

         Cold End Treatment

         Low-Cost Production Tooling

         Container Inspection and Quality

         Conclusion

         Precautions during Packing

   7.   Marketing                                                                 

         Functions of Marketing

         Promotional Techniques

         The Product Concept

         Some Characteristics of Market Segmentation

         Organization for New-Product Development

         Developing New Products

         Planned Obsolescence

         Product Line Relationships

         Product Features

         The Sales Process

   8.   Onion Dehydration                                                

         Dehydrated Onion

         Onion Varieties Suitable for Dehydration

         Uses of Dehydrated Onions

         Dehydration Practices for Onion

         Solar Drying

         Convective Air Drying

         Fluidized Bed Drying

         Microwave Drying

         Infra Red Drying

         Vacuum Drying

         Freeze Drying

         Osmotic Dehydration

         Onion Dehydration Process

         Processing Steps

         Power Production and Energy Requirements

   9.   Garlic Dehydration                                               

         Drying

         Methods of Drying

         1. Hot Air Drying

         2. Solar and Open Sun Drying

         Experimental Setup

         Design

         Raw Material and Sample Preparation

         Washing

         Drying Process Flow Chart of Dehydrated Garlic

         Equipment/Apparatus Used

         Measurement of Variables

         Air Temperature and Relative Humidity

         Air Velocity

         Solar Radiation

         Initial Moisture Content (IMC)

         Moisture Content during Drying Experiment

         Equilibrium Moisture Content (E.M.C.)

         Moisture Ratio (M.R.)

         Drying Rate (D.R.)

         Average Drying Rate (A.D.R.)

         Quality Evaluation of Dehydrated Garlic

         Rehydration Ratio, Coefficient of Rehydration

         Comparison between Solar and Open Sun Drying

         Freeze Drying

         Fluidized Bed Drying

         Dehydration Process

         Dehydration Process Flow Diagram

         Safety Precautions & Other Cares in Garlic Dehydration

10.   Onion Pickle                                                             

         Introduction

         Raw Material

         Onion Pickle Manufacturing Process

         Onion Pickle Process Flow Diagram

11.   Onion Chutney                                                         

         Introduction

         Manufacturing Process of Onion Chutney

         Process Flow of Onion Chutney

12.   Garlic Oil                                                                  

         Introduction

         Garlic Oil manufacturing Methods

         Manufacturing Process

         Removal of Undesired Material

         Washing of Bulbs

         Peeling

         Crushing of Bulbs

         A Steam Distillation

         a. Hydrodistillation

         b. Direct Steam Distillation

         Advantages of Direct Steam Distillation

         Disadvantage of Direct Steam Distillation

         Inspection and Analyzing

         Packing and Dispatching

         Heart Diseases

         Cholesterol Levels

         Process Flow Diagram

         Diabetes

         Bodily Aches and Pains

         Skin Problems & Other Infections

         Other Ailments

13.   Onion Powder                                                           

         Introduction

         Varieties of Onion Powder

         Chemical Specification

         Nutritional Information

         Uses of Onion Powder

         Meat Rubs

         Bloody Maty Drinks

         Spice Mixes

         Dressings

         Manufacturing Process of Onion Powder

         Process Flow Diagram

         Health Benefits of Onion Powder

         Low in Fat and Calories

         Potassium

         Magnesium

         Calcium

         Low in Sodium

14.   Ginger Oil                                                                  

         Introduction

         Solubility

         Chemical Composition

         Uses and Application

         Packing and Marking

         Manufacturing Process

         Preparation of Raw Material

         Cleaning

         Milling

         Soaking

         Loading or Charging

         Bleaching of Ginger

         Practice of Distillation

         Steam Distillation

         End of Distillation

         Treatment of the Volatile Oil

         Treatment of the Distillation Water

         Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram

         Rectification of Essential Oils

         Problems Relating to Steam Distillation

         Environment Pollution and Effluent Treatment

15.   Ginger Powder                                                        

         Introduction

         Properties

         Uses of Ginger Powder

         Manufacturing Process of Ginger Powder

         Process Flow Sheet

16.   Ginger Paste                                                            

         Properties of Ginger Paste

         Uses of Ginger Paste

         Chemical & Physical Specification of Ginger

         Manufacturing Process

         Process Flow Diagram

17.   Tomato Pulp                                                             

         Introduction

         Manufacturing Process of Tomato Pulp

         Sorting

         Washing and Trimming

         Crushing

         Pulping

         Hot Process

         Process Flow Diagram

18.   Tomato Paste                                                           

         Introduction

         Raw Material Requirements

         Manufacturing Process of Tomato Paste

         Process Flow Diagram

19.   Tomato Ketchup                                                     

         Introduction

         Uses of Tomato Ketchup

         Ingredients Required

         Process Description

         Process Flow Diagram

20.   Tomato Powder                                                       

         Introduction

         Uses & Applications

         Procedure for Making Tomato Powder

         Primary Method

         Secondary Method

         Process Flow Diagram

21.   DISPOSABLE BLOOD BAGS                                         

         Introduction

         Flexible PVC Blood Bags

         Uses of Blood Bags

         Properties of Disposable Blood Bags

         Raw Material

         Quality of the Raw Materials

         1. Translucency so can Check it Full, and See Layers in Centrifuged Bags

         2. Flexibility (Low Bending Stiffness) so can Process by Squeezing the Bag

         3. Heat Resistance, so can Steam Sterilize Prior to Use

         4. Materials Property-Melting Temperature

         5. Must Not Burst in the Centrifuge, or Tear on Handling

         6. Permeable to Oxygen, but not too Permeable to Water

         7. Moderate Cost

         8. Processing and Welding

         9. PVC Plasticized Blood Bag sizes: 350 ml & 450 ml

         Manufacturing Process

         Flow Sheet Diagram

         Bag Making

         Tube Making

         Blood Bag Forming Machine

         Suppliers of Plant & Machinery

         Raw Materials Addresses

22.   DISPOSABLE MASKS                                                   

         Introduction

         Uses & Applications

         Properties

         Manufacturing Process of Disposable Surgical Masks

         Sterilization

         Flow Diagram for Disposable Surgical Mask

         Machinery Images for Masks

         Mask Making Machine

         Surgical Mask Sewing Machine

         Mask Blank Machine

         Plant & Machinery Suppliers

23.   Disposable Surgical Catheters                       

         Introduction

         Uses & Applications

         Common Features of Central Venous Catheter (CVC)

         Manufacturing Process of Catheters

         Process Flow Diagram of Catheter

         Catheter Production Equipments

         Plant & Machinery Suppliers

         Suppliers of Raw Materials

24.   Disposable Plastic Syringes                              

         Introduction

         Uses

         Necessity of Disposable Syringes

         Parts of a Disposable Syringe

         Nozzle

         Piston

         Raw Material Used for Manufacturing Disposable Syringes

         Polyolefin - (Polyethylene and Polypropylene)

         Polyethylene

         Polypropylene

         Polystyrene

         Natural Rubber

         Synthetic Polymeric Material

         Silicone Oil

         Leakage Test

         Sterility

         Packing

         Outer Container

         Marking of Outer Containers

         Manufacturing Process

         Process Description

         1st Stage of Process

         2nd Stage of Production

         3rd Stage of Process

         4th Stage of Production

         Process Flow Diagram

         Assembling Operation and Packing

         Machinery Images

         Single Barrel Moulds

         Syringe Plunger Moulds

         Injection Moulding Machine

         Disposable Syringe Packaging Machine

         Storage of Sterilized Articles

         Test for Detection of Aerobic and Anaerobic Organism

         Media

         Medium for Anaerobic Organism

         Medium for Aerobic Organism

         A. Benzathine Penicillin, Benzyl Penicillin

         B. Other Antibiotic

         C. Test for Detection of Fungi Medium

         Suppliers of Raw Material

25.   Plastic Cups                                                             

         Introduction

         Plastic Cups

         Manufacturing Method

         Thermoforming

         Heating

         Forming

         Cooling

         Trimming

         Machine Type

         Application of Thermoforming Technique

         Raw Material

         Steps

         Polypropylene Characteristics

         Compatibility of Polypropylene with Common Products

         Properties of Poly Propylene

         Specific Gravity

         Mechanical Properties

         Electricals

         Chemical Resistance

         Specification of Thermoforming Machines

         Moulds

         Glass

         Cups

         Plates

         Spoons

         Printing on Polypropylene

         Printing on Cups, Glasses and Plates

         Roto Gravure Printing

         For Multicolor Printing

         Flow Diagram for Disposable Plastic Cups

         Plant and Machinery Details

         Thermoforming Machine

         Specifications

         Thermoformable Extrusion Line

         Mono & Multilayer Thermoformable Sheet Lines

         Specifications

         Plastic Cup thermoforming Machine

         Usage

         Hydraulic Automatic Cup Making Machine

         Parameter

         Functions and Characteristics

         Complete Line: Extrusion + Cup Making Machine

         Plastic Sheet Extruder

         A. Main Parameters

         B. Configuration and Specification

         1. Main Extruder: one

         2.  Non-stop Fast Screen Changer With Double-sieve: one set

         3.  Die-Head

         Calendar Roll Stack: one

         4.  Thermostat System: Two sets (Only use for making PS sheet)

         5. Air Cooling Stand: one

         6. Trimming Unit: one

         7. Haul Off Unit: one

         8.  Single-shaft Winder (One set)

         9.  Electronic Control Cabinet: one set

         10.  Waste sheet re-winder: one set

         Main Technical Data

         Feature

         Key Electric Components

         Assistant Machines

         Automatic Cup Stacking Machine

         Usage

         Main Technical Parameter

         Screw Air Compressor

         Industrial Chiller (Air Cooled)

         Model Specification

         Thermoforming/Vacuum Forming Sheet Extrusion Line

         PP/PS Specification

         Multi-Laye Cp-Extrusion Sheet Line

         Technical Specification

         Features

         HIPS / ABS / PC / PMMA / PS Extrusion Sheet Line

         Technical Specification

         Suppliers of Plant & Machinery

         Raw Material Suppliers

26.   Disposable Banana Leaf Plate                            

         Introduction

         Function

         Properties of Banana Leaf Plates

         Use and Application of Banana Leaf Plates

         Utility

         Area of Usage

         Raw Material

         Banana Tree/Leaves

         Manufacturing Process of Banana Leaf Plates

         Process Steps

         Description

         Flow Diagram

         Machinery Description

         Leaf Plate Making Machine

         Description

         Materials

         Construction

         Working

         Leaf Plate Making Machine

         Machinery Details

         Suppliers of Plant and Machinery

         Suppliers of Raw Material

27.   Facial Tissue & Baby Wet Wipes                         

         Introduction

         What is a Tissue Paper?

         Properties

         Production

         Applications

         Hygienic Tissue Paper

         Facial Tissues

         Paper Towels

         Wrapping Tissue

         Toilet Tissue

         Table Napkins

         Facial Tissue

         Properties

         Manufacturing Process for Facial Tissues

         Steps

         Pulping and Retting

         Pressing

         Creping

         Reeling and Cutting

         Uses of Facial Tissue

         Size

         Effects

         Wet Wipes

         Introduction

         Production

         Uses

         Baby Wipes

         Cleansing Pads

         Industrial Wipes

         Pain Relief

         Personal Hygiene

         Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram for Facial Tissue & Wet Wipes

         Pet Care

         Healthcare

         Facial Tissue and Wet Wipes Machine Details

         Facial Tissue Machine

         Specifications

         Professional Facial Tissue Machine

         Specification

         Wallet Pocket Facial Tissue Machine

         Specification

         Full-Automatic Box-drawing Facial Tissue Machine

         Descriptions

         Function and Features

         Technical Data

         The Name of Spare Part of the Machine

         Specification of Raw Material

         Industrial Facial Tissue Making Machine

         Supplier of Plant and Machinery

         Suppliers of Raw Material

28.   Urea Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive                

         Uses of Urea Formaldehyde Resin

         Properties of Urea Formaldehyde Resin

         Raw Material

         Process Description

         Process Flow Diagram for Urea Resin Adhesive Plant

         Machinery Required Equipment

29.   Toothpaste Production                                      

         Toothpaste Composition and Ingredient Functionality

         Typical Toothpaste Ingredients

         Process Description

         Storing and Filling the Finished Toothpaste

         Process Flow Diagram

         Machinery Required

30.   Gypsum Board                                                          

         Characteristics of Gypsum Board

         Uses

         Raw Material

         Gypsum Board Constituents

         Process Description

         Transportation

         Installation

         Flow Diagram

         Machinery Required

         Gypsum Drying Section

         Gypsum Calcining Section

         Forming and Drying Section

         Utility Section

31.   Surgical Absorbent Cotton                               

         Properties of Absorbent Cotton

         Raw Material

         Process Description Based on Before Carding Method

         (1) Opening and Cleaning

         (2) Filling

         (3) Bleaching

         (4) Hydro-extracting

         (5) Opening, Drying and Reserving

         (6) Carding

         (7) Winding, Cutting and Packing

         Process Flow Sheet for Absorbent Cotton Making

         Machinery Required

32.   Glass Fibre                                                               

         Types of Glass Fibre

         Properties

         Uses

         Raw Materials

         Process Description

         Process Flow Diagram

         Schematic Diagram of Direct Melt Process for Continuous Filaments

         Schematic Diagram of Marble Melt Process for Continuous Filaments

         Machinery Required

33.   Complex Fertilizers                                             

         Complex Fertilizer for Vegetables

         Characteristics

         Component

         Complex Fertilizer for Beans

         Characteristics

         Component

         Briquette Complex Fertilizer for Forest

         Characteristics

         Complex Fertilizer for Field Crops

         Characteristics

         Component

         Complex Fertilizer for Horticulture

         Characteristics

         Component

         Complex Fertilizer Manufacturing Description of NP & NPK

         Granulator

         Drying

         Screening

         Cooling

         Polishing Screens

         Cyclone Separators

         Scrubbing Section

         Process Flow Diagram

         Equipments in Flow Chart

34.   Activated Carbon from Wood                            

         Uses of Activated Carbon

         Typical Properties of Activated Carbon

         Raw Materials

         Manufacturing Process

         Processing Steps

         Flow Diagram

         Machinery Required

35.   Biscuits                                                                      

         Uses & Applications

         Basic Raw Material for Biscuits

         Manufacturing Process

         Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram

36.   Candy                                                                          

         Uses of Candy

         Raw Material for Candy

         Sugar

         Corn Syrup/Glucose Syrup

         Water

         Properties of High-Boiled Candy

         Candy Manufacturing Process

         Process Flow Diagram

37.   Chocolates                                                              

         Uses

         Composition of Fermented Cocoa Beans

         Raw Material

         Sweet Dark Chocolate

         Semi-Sweet or Bittersweet Dark Chocolate

         Milk Chocolate

         White Chocolate

         Nutritional Information of Milk Chocolate

         Formulations

         Dark Chocolate 

         Milk Chocolate

         Manufacturing Process

         1. Roasting and Winnowing the Cocoa             

         2. Grinding the Cocoa Nibs

         3. Blending Cocoa liquor and molding Chocolate

         Milk Chocolate

         White Chocolate

         Plain Dark Chocolate

         Process Flow Diagram

38.   Milk Powder                                                             

         Uses of Milk Powder

         Composition of Milk-Powder

         Property of Milk Powder

         Milk Powder Production Process

         Separation/Standardization

         Preheating

         Evaporation

         Spray Drying

         Packaging and Storage

         Process Flow Diagram

39.   Instant Noodles                                                     

         Nutrition Value of Instant Noodles

         Manufacturing Process

         Mixing

         Sheeting

         Cutting/Slitting and Waving

         Steaming and Molding

         Frying/Drying

         Packaging

         Process Flow Diagram

40.   Khakhra                                                                     

         Uses and applications

         Nutrition Facts of Khakhra

         Manufacturing Process of Khakhra

         Process Flow Diagram 

41.   Soft Drinks                                                              

         Ready-to-drink Products

         Concentrated Soft Drinks

         Properties

         Manufacturing Process

         Packing

         Cold-filling

         Process Flow Diagram

42.   Spices                                                                         

         Uses & Applications

         General Manufacturing Procedure

         Process Flow Diagram

43.    Sample Plant Layouts

 

ONION DEHYDRATION

Dehydration, is removal of water from a substance or

system or chemical compound, or removal of the

elements of water, in correct proportion, from a chemical

compound or the compounds. The elements of water may be

removed from a single molecule or from more than molecule,

as in the dehydration of alcohol, one which may yield ethlone

by loss of the elements of water from each molecule or ethyl

ether by loss of the elements of water from two molecules,

which then join to form a new compound.

In the food processing field, dehydration is sometimes

described as the removal of 85% or more of water from a food

substance, by exposure to thermal energy by various means.

Thermal dehydration reduces volume of the product,

increases shelf-life, and lowers transportation cost. There is

no clearly defined line of demarcation between drying and

dehydrating, and latter sometimes being considered as a

supplement of drying. Usually, the direct use of solar energy,

as in the drying of raisin, lay etc. is not lumped with

dehydrating. The term dehydration also is not generally

applied to situations where there is a loss of water as the

result of evaporation.

Dried onion is now available in market in the powdered

or kibled form. The composition of the fresh and dried forms

is given. The kibbled form has moisture content of about 10%

microscopically onion powders shows abundant parent

chymatous cells.

Dehydrated Onion

Processed and value added products are gaining

importance in the worldwide markets. According to Singh

onion has 6% share in the overall production of vegetables

in India and about 93% of the total export of fresh vegetables

from India. Onion is mainly exported in the form of

dehydrated onion, canned onion and onion pickle. Free water

is removed from the vegetables during the drying process so

that microorganisms do not survive and reproduce.

Simultaneously, the solids such as sugar and organic acids

are concentrated thereby exerting osmotic pressure to further

inhibit the microorganisms. Drying process involves the

application of heat to vaporize water and removal of moist

air from the dryer.

Dehydrated onions are considered as a potential product

in world trade and India is the second largest producer of

dehydrated onions in the world. There is a large demand of

dehydrated onion in the European countries only.

Onions are generally dried from an initial moisture

content of about 86% (wb) to 7% (wb) or less for efficient

storage and processing. Dehydrated onions in the form of

flakes or powder are in extensive demand in several parts of

the world, for example UK, Japan, Russia, Germany,

Netherlands and Spain.

Fluidized Bed Drying

Several researchers have studied fluidized bed drying of

onion for making onion flakes, slices and powder. Problems

such as scorching or the agglomeration of onion slices during

tray, tunnel or conveyor belt drying were resolved during

fluidized bed dehydration techniques, in which contact

between onion pieces was kept to a minimum.

Mazza and LeMaguer dehydrated the yellow globe type

onions with 1.5 mm slice thickness at drying air temperatures

of 40, 50 and 65°C with air flow rates of 5.5, 8.1 and 10.3

m3/min in a vibro fluidizer and discussed the possible

diffusion mechanism. They showed that percent retention of

flavour such as 1-propanethiol, methyl propyl disulphide, dipropyl

disulphide and 1-propanol was almost linearly related

to moisture content. The final retention of volatiles increased

with increase in dehydration temperature. High temperature

led to a more rapid formation of the dry layer and lowered

the diffusion of the flavour compound at the evaporating

surface.

POWER PRODUCTION AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

The energy requirements for the operation of a dryer will

vary due to differences in outside temperature, dryer loading,

and requirement for the final moisture content of the product.

A single-line Proctor dryer handling 4500 kg of raw product

per hour (680 - 820 kg finished) will require about 530 GJ/

day, or for an average season of 150 to 180 days, 80 to 95 TJ

using approximately 35 MJ/kg of dry products. This is

estimated to cost 11 cents per kg of finished product.

The energy is provided by natural gas or geothermal fluid;

air is passed directly through the gas flame or geothermal

heat exchanger in stages A and B, and over steam coils in

stages C and D. The steam coils are necessary to prevent

turning of the onions in the last two stages.

 

ONION PICKLE

Pickling is the process by which fresh fruits and vegetables

are preserved and with the addition of salt, chilly and

spices, a tasty preparation known as “Pickles” is made. Pickles

are also good appetizers and digestive agents. There are

several varieties of pickles and they are consumed throughout

the year by people from all walks of life. Pickling onions is

deceptively simple and devilishly fast. Whether you’ve got a

bunch of onions and want to preserve them for a later date

or simply want to dress up an otherwise ordinary dish, they

are incredibly versatile. With a little bit of acid, sugar, and

spices, the lowly onion is about to go interstellar.

Pickling is preserving a food with acid and salt. The key

to safe pickling is making sure that the acid is high enough

to kill any microorganism that can lead to spoilage and illness.

All pickle products must be heat processed to destroy

yeast, mold, and bacteria that cause spoilage and to inactivate

enzymes that might affect color, flavor, or texture of the

product. Heat processing also ensures a good, airtight seal.

There are two types of pickles:

• Brined (fermented) pickles require several weeks of

“curing” at room temperature. During this period,

colors and flavors change. Acid is produced as lactic

acid bacteria grow.

• Quick (unfermented) pickles are made in 1 or 2 days

Raw Material

There are six basic types of ingredients used for pickle

making. The ingredients include acids, flavorings, colorants,

preservatives, and stabilizers that make up the liquid, or

liquor, in which the pickle is sold. Many of the ingredients

are only available at certain times of the year, so steps have

to be taken to use fresh materials.

Acetic acid (vinegar) is the primary ingredient used in

pickle manufacturing. After water, it makes up the bulk of

the pickle liquor and contributes significantly to the flavor

of the pickle giving it a sour taste. Additionally, it also has a

preservative effect and is nontoxic. Vinegar is derived from

naturally occurring sugars or starches through a two-step

fermentation process. Starch is converted to sugar, which is

then yeast fermented to form alcohol. The alcohol is exposed

to an acetobacteria, which converts it to vinegar. Vinegar can

be obtained from many sources and each one has a slightly

different taste.

ONION CHUTNEY

Introduction

Chutney is a family of condiments associated with South

Asian cuisine made from a highly variable mixture of

spices, vegetables, or fruit.

As with other condiments such as relish or mustard,

chutneys are based on a wide range of recipes and

pr                     eparation methods, they vary widely by geography, they can

range from a wet to dry—or coarse to fine—and they can be

combined with a wide variety of foods or used for dipping.

Chutneys are made from a combination of fruit and

vegetables with vinegar, sugar, spices and salt. They are an

excellent way of using up a glut of fruit and vegetables,

particularly as the flavour improves with storage. They should

be left to mature in a cool, dark place for approximately one

month before consumption. Chutney and relishes seem to be more highly spiced when

first made, and will mellow on storage.

Spices commonly used in chutneys include fenugreek,

coriander, cumin and asafoetida (hing). Other prominent

ingredients and combinations include cilantro, capsicum,

mint (coriander and mint chutneys are often called hari

chutney, wherehariis Hindi for “green”), Tamarind or Imli,

Sooth (or saunth, made with dates and ginger), Coconut,

Onion, Prune, Tomato, Red chili, Green chili, mango

Lime(made from whole, unripe limes), garlic, coconut, peanut,

Dahi, Green tomato, Dhaniya pudina (cilantro and mint),

Peanut (shengdana chutney in Marathi), Ginger, Yogurt, red

chili powder, Tomato onion chutney, Cilantro mint coconut

chutney and apricot.

ONION POWDER

Introduction

Onion is one of major bulb crop grown in India which

presently attracting attention of all persons due to rise

in prices. The price is directly related to supply-Demand of

the commodity. An Indian farmer normally pays more

attention to grow those crops which are fetched very good

market prices during last season. To get the very good prices

during present season, many farmers switch to grow Onion

crop due to which supply in the market increases many fold

and market glut fetches very low prices to farmers commodity

such as onions. To stabilize the prices of fruits and vegetables

and reduce the post harvest losses, drying of onion in form

flakes and onion powder is adopted.

 

Onion powder is made by dehydrating onions and

grinding them down to a fine powder. It is a common

seasoning. Onion powder replaces the taste of onions when

used in recipes but it is not as pungent as fresh onion. Onion

powder is a very common component of spice mix. The powder

can be combined with other herbs and spices to create rubs,

spice mixes, drinks and dressings. Applications include pasta,

pizza, and grilled chicken. Onion salt is simply salt plus onion

powder. (Pre-made products usually include an anti-caking

agent.). It is a common component of seasoned salt. Onion

powder, a spice made from ground dehydrated onions is used

for seasoning in cooking. Many cooks of the world prefer onion

powder to fresh onions because it is easier to handle, savestime and

 require no chopping or special treatment. Prepared from finely ground dehydrated onions,

they contain very strong smell and last for a longer duration, if properly

packaged and stored. Since bulb onions contain much of the

flavor and distinctive aroma of the onion, they are widely used

for preparing onion powder. Onion powder is a perfect

condiment for taco mix, chili, barbeque rubs, salad dressings,

dips, marinades, and as an addition to hamburgers.

Rectification of Essential Oils

Rectification with water vapours is the older of the two

methods. Report employed for this purpose is usually

spherical made of copper, heavily lined with tin, and heated

with a steam. To prevent coloring of the oil by contact with

metal, the gooseneck and condenser should be made of pure

tin or of heavily tinned copper. Condenser and oil separator

should be installed at such a height that if it seems desirable,

the distillation water could return automatically into the

retort during distillation.

Water is poured into the retort to a level of about 4 or 5

line above must be retained through the distillation. Flatbottomed

steam jackets are therefore preferable for the

rectification of Volatile oils. A steam coil provided with many

small holes and inserted close to the bottom of the retort,

serves for the direct heating with live steam and also for

steaming out (clearing) the still often completion of the

operation steaming out is usually preceded by a washing with

hot water, soap or alkali solution or with volatile solvents the

speed of rectification is influenced by several factors. If the

distillation waters should return automatically into the retort,

the speed might be limited by excess pressure developing with

in retort, insect, this might altogether prevent the distillation

water from returning automatically into the retort.

If the distillates should be absolutely colorless,

rectification must be carried out very slowly, otherwise, very

fine droplets, often invisible in the vapors are carried into the

condenser and oil separator and color the distillate.

GINGER POWDER

The Ginger, whole shall be the rhifume of zingiber officinale

Rose inpieces irreguler in stape and site not less than 20

m.m. is length or in small cut pieces, pale brower in colour

and fibrous with peel not entirely removed, washed and dried

in the sun. The material mag be garbled by removing pieces

that are too ligher and it may also be lime bleached. The dried

shitomes may also be gronned into powder.

Pure lime shall be used in case of bleaching ginger. The

material shall be size sum added colours.

The ginger, whole may be groded before packaging. There

shall be six grades of ginger whole. The designation of the

grade and their requirements are.

1. Garblod, non bleached Calicut.

2. Ungarbled non bleached Calicut: pale brown in colour

fibrous with feel not entirely removed.

3. Garbled non bleached cochin: in pieces irregular inshape

and size, pale brown in colour fibrous with peal not

entirely removed.

4. Garbled bleached cochin: In pieces irregular in shape and

size, colour fibrous with peel not entirely removed, lime

bleached, light pieces removed by garbling.

5. Ungarbled bleached cochin: In pieces irregular in shape

and fibrous with peel not entirely removed, lime bleached.

GINGER PASTE

Ginger is one of the most important vegetables, which is

produced by cultivation process. It is one of the agrobase

products, which has good commercial value as well as

industrial value. It is basically used mostly in all of the houses

as spices. In India there are few states in which it is largely

produced. Mostly ginger producing states are Meghalaya &

Himachal Pradesh.

Ginger can be preserved by food preservation process. It

is processed by making paste and sterilised to keep it for long

time. For making ginger paste, there is basic plant

machineries required, are grader, screening paste making

machine, steriliser, automatic filling, weight and packing

machine etc. It is necessary to store ginger for 6 months for

running the plant throughout the year otherwise it is

necessary to select other food processing items, so that plant

can be run throughout the year. There is good quality control

laboratory necessary for making good products for increasing

the self -life of product. There is good printed packaging

material, require for attracting customer. There is pollution,

produced from the plant, it can be solved by proper

precautions. There is fair market growth, new entrepreneur

may be successful by his hard work ship and by his marketing

intelligency. There is no necessity of importing of raw material

as well as plant and machineries. Technology of ginger paste

making also available in India.

Properties of Ginger Paste

1. It has bright yellowish colour.

2. It should have good agreeable ginger flavour.

3. It should be neutral in nature.

4. It should be free from microorganism.

5. It should have pasty in nature.

6. It should be store minimum for 6 months

7. It should contents around T.S.S. 60-70%

TOMATO PASTE

Introduction

Tomatoes are the most popular vegetable in the home

garden. Tomatoes are widely grown in all parts of the

world. They are available in a variety of sizes, shapes, and

colors—including red, yellow, orange, and pink. Sizes vary

from the bite-sized cherry tomatoes to the giant beefsteak

varieties. Tomatoes may be round, oblate (fruit are flattened

at the top and bottom), or pear-shaped. Tomatoes are low in

calories and a good source of vitamin C and antioxidants.

With their rich flavor and mild acidity, tomatoes have worked

their way into thousands of recipes.

Tomato, like other vegetables/fruits is a perishable

commodity and has a shorter shelf life in normal temperature.

Therefore, problems are faced in the supply chain due ton

on-existence of a cold chain system in the country which

results in losses of product and drastic price variations.

Tomato Paste provides a way out with extremely positive

outcome both commercially and financially. Indeed, tomato

consumption by the food processing industry revolves around

the availability of user friendly intermediate products like

tomato paste, puree, ketchup and sauces.

Tomato paste is a thick paste that is made by cooking

tomatoes for several hours to reduce moisture, straining them

to remove the seeds and skin and cooking them again to

reduce them to a thick, rich concentrate. Tomato paste is a

concentrated tomato juice or pulp without seeds and skin

containing not less than 25% tomato solid. It is used as an

ingredient in various types of sauces, canned fish, processed

beanes, and related products.

Products, such as tomato paste have potential demand

with local fruit/vegetable processors as well as the retail

market. Establishment of tomato processing facilities in the

country can contribute in reducing the dependence of local

industry on imported tomato paste. Tomato paste and puree

are commonly consumed commodities in every household.

It is liked by one and all because of its sweet sour taste.

The concentration comes to 33% total solids content when

total solids comes at 33% concentration then it is pass

through PHE at 121°C for 10 seconds and store it in the

holding tank. Form the holding tank it is filled in the bottles/

cans aseptically and capped the bottles. Then labeled on the

bottles. Bottles are checked and then packed it the corrugated

boxes. Store in the store room and market the products. Yield

of tomato concentrate will be 75% on the base of tomatoes

weight.

TOMATO POWDER

Introduction

Tomato powder is made from tomatoes which can be used

to add tomato flavoring to various dishes. This product

is made by turning fresh tomatoes into a slurry and spray

drying the slurry. With spray drying, hot gas is forced through

a liquid mixture, creating a fine powder of uniform

consistency. The consistency of the powder can be adjusted

by making small adjustments to the spray nozzle as

necessary. The result is a highly concentrated powder which

usually has a dull red color which is sometimes enhanced

with coloring because people expect it to be bright red.

Tomato powder is as a base for tomato paste. The powder

keeps longer than most tomato paste, and allows people to

mix up exactly as much as they need for a fresh, clear flavor.

Tomato paste is used in a variety of sauces and soups,

especially in Italian cuisine. Tomato powder can also be used

to make tomato soups, or to fortify broths and pasta sauces

if they have a weak tomato flavor and a stronger one is

desired.

Many dishes can also benefit from a small sprinkle of

tomato powder to make their flavors pop a bit more. Especially

in the winter when it can be difficult to obtain fresh fruits

and vegetables, people may enjoy the summery flavor of fresh

tomatoes when it’s added to various dishes


 

DISPOSABLE BLOOD BAGS

Introduction

Blood bag is a disposable bio-medical device used for

collection, storage, transportation and transfusion of

human blood and blood components. The system consists of

a single or multiple bags connected with tubing, needle,

needle cover, clamp etc. The Blood Bags are made of plasticmaterial,

which are compatible with blood.

components in a more sterile manner and safer transfusion

of components. This has led to increasingly wider use of blood

component therapy than whole blood use, thus enabling more

effective use of the scarce donor blood that is available.

Though, the incidences of reported toxic problems

resulting from plasticizer migration during transfusions are

rare. Plasticizer migration from PVC medical devices has been

an area of concern for the last few decades due to the large

consumption of the polymer in its plasticized form.

As the unplasticized PVC is generally hard and brittle,

addition of DEHP (low molecular weight additive, also known

as di-octyl phthalate is a non toxic chemical with high versatility

and low cost), facilitates processing operations such as sheet

and tube extrusion and injection moulding.

Still, these compounds possess high mobility and are

known to migrate from the plastics into the surrounding

medium or environment such as food or blood. National

Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA organized

several international symposia on phthalate acid esters which

reviewed many aspects of these substances including their

metabolism, toxicity and methods for their detection in the

environment and biological materials. Currently DEHP

continues to be the plasticizer of choice.

Uses of Blood Bags

1. Blood Bags have successfully replaced the use of glass

bottles for

• Collection storage,

• Transportation

• Transfusion of blood and blood components.

2. Since bottles require exhaustive cleaning, rinsing and

autoclaving procedures and there are chances of

breakage at any stage, Disposable PVC blood bags

have become the choice of the present era.

3. Further, use of disposable bags eliminates the

possibility of any contamination.

Quality of the Raw Materials

1. Translucency so can Check it Full, and See Layers in

Centrifuged Bags

Materials property - translucency: Plastics, which are

electrical insulators, can be transparent (if a single phase

glass) or translucent (if 2-phase semi-crystalline with light

scattering). Thin films scatter less light than thick mouldings,

so appear more transparent.

There must be no added pigments. Thermoplastics do not

need pigments, but rubbers often need mineral fillers (carbon

black, etc) for strength. Silicone rubber can be transparent.

2. Flexibility (Low Bending Stiffness) so can Process by

Squeezing the Bag

It should only require a small force to bend the bag wall.

3. Heat Resistance, so can Steam Sterilize Prior to Use

The most common sterilization method is by steam (in

an autoclave at 10 bar pressure) at 121°C. The alternative is

the more expensive radiation sterilization.

FACIAL TISSUE & BABY WET WIPES

Baby wet wipes, facial wet tissues and toilet paper are

basically hygienic personnel care product. These are

basically made by using tissue papers. Basic raw materials

used tissue papers, liquid soap and glycerin. Basic plant and

machineries required, rollers strand with slittering machine.

Rolls are slitted according to size and dimension and then

liquid detergent and other solvents are spread over the tissue

paper to make wetting and then it make rolled form and pack

it in the close pack with one side opening lid. Packing

materials are made by using polymer resin and labeled by

printed-paper. In the manufacturing process there is very

negligible amount pollution obtained, which can be easily

controlled. It has very good market demand.

What is a Tissue Paper?

Tissue paper or simply tissue is a lightweight paper or,

light crêpe paper. Tissue can be made both from virgin and

recycled paper pulp. Very exacting properties are generally

required; for, though it is very light, it must be opaque, free

of blemishes, pin holes, light spots and so on; and whether

of the readily combustible variety or not, it must burn free of

all objectionable odors.

The paper as heavily loaded with chalk (calcium carbonate

or other similar filters primarily with the object of improving

its combustion characteristics. The extent of loading may be

judged from the fact that most grades of tissues show upto

30% of ash, equivalent to 35% to 40% added. The tissue may

also be light sized with rosin and alum, at times, although

not very frequently. Mostly tissue is made in weights ranging

from 8 to 25 grams per square meter, though the average

weights are, unloaded laid or wove 12-14 gms; and loaded,

laid or wove 16-18 gms.

Applications

Hygienic Tissue Paper

Hygienic tissue paper is commonly used for facial tissue

(paper handkerchiefs), napkins, bathroom tissue and

household towels. Paper has been used for hygiene purposes

for centuries, but tissue paper as we know it today was not

produced in USA before the mid-1940s. In Western Europe large

scale industrial production started in the beginning of 1960s.

Paper Towels

Paper towels are the second largest application for tissue paper in

 the consumer sector. This type of paper has usually

a basis weight of 20 to 24 g/m2. Normally such paper towels

are two-ply. This kind of tissue can be made from

100% chemical pulp to 100% recycled fiber or a combination

of the two. Normally, some long fiber chemical pulp is

included to improve strength.

 

WET WIPES

A wet wipe, also known as a wet towel, or a moist

towelette, is a small moistened piece of paper or cloth that

often comes folded and individually wrapped for convenience.

Wet wipes are used for cleaning purposes, like personal

hygiene or household cleaning.

 

Wet wipes are produced as air-laid paper where the fibers

are carried and formed to the structure of paper by air. They

are moistened with water or other liquids like isopropyl

alcohol depending on the applications. The paper might be

treated with softeners, lotions or added perfume to get the

right properties or “feeling”. The finished wet wipes are folded

and put in pocket size package or a box dispenser.

 

Baby Wipes

• Baby wipes are wet wipes used to cleanse the sensitive

skin of infants. These are saturated with solutions

anywhere from gentle cleansing ingredients to alcohol

based ‘cleaners’. Baby wipes are typically sold in

plastic tubs that keep the cloths moist and allow for

easy dispensing.

• Wet wipes have become a standard part of diaper

changing kits. They can be bought in several different

pack counts (ranging up to 80 or more sheets per

pack), and come with dispensing mechanisms.

• Many green-minded parents, or those looking to save

extra money, are using washable baby wipes. These

are typically small squares of material (cotton, bamboo

or fleece) that can be pre-soaked ready to use, or wet

as required. Because they don’t contain chemicals or

artificial fragrances like most disposable wipes, they

are very kind and gentle on the skin. They are often

reported to be more effective at removing solids from

the skin because of their textured nature.

 

UREA FORMALDEHYDE RESIN ADHESIVE

 

Urea-formaldehyde resin, is a class of synthetic resins

obtained by chemical combination of urea (a solid crystal

obtained from ammonia) and formaldehyde (a highly reactive

gas obtained from methane). Urea-formaldehyde resins are

used mostly as adhesives for the bonding of plywood,

particleboard, and other structured wood products.

In industrial production, urea resins are made by the

condensation of formaldehyde and urea in an aqueous

solution, using ammonia as an alkaline catalyst. The

condensation reaction gives a colourless, syrupy solution that

can be spray-dried to a powder for later use in coatings or

adhesives; it can also be mixed with cellulose filler to produce

powders for molding into solid objects. Under the influence

of heat and pressure, the resin, at this point made up largely

of low-molecular-weight intermediate polymers or pre

polymers, is cured to its final state, which consists of a threedimensional

network of interlinked polymers.

 

Uses of Urea Formaldehyde Resin

Urea formaldehyde is the very common chemical and is

mostly used because of its chemical properties. Examples are

textiles, paper, foundry sand molds, wrinkle resistant fabrics,

cotton blends, rayon, corduroy, etc. also used to glue wood

together. Urea formaldehyde is mostly used when producing

electrical appliances casing also desk lamps.

It is widely chosen as an adhesive because of its property

of high reactivity, wonderful performance and low price.

 

Properties of Urea Formaldehyde Resin

• It has a very high tensile strength.

• Urea formaldehyde has the property of flexural

modulus.

• Has the property of heat distortion temperature.

• Has the capacity of low water absorption.

• It has the property of mould shrinkage.

• Has a property of high surface hardness.

• It can be elongated at break

• It is volume resistance in nature.

 

TOOTHPASTE PRODUCTION

Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used, with a

toothbrush, to clean and maintain the aesthetics and

health of teeth. Toothpaste serves as an abrasive that aids

in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists

in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients such

as fluoride or xylitol to help prevent tooth and gum disease.

Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of

a toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste. Salt and sodium

bicarbonate (baking soda) are among materials that can be

substituted for commercial toothpaste.

Toothpastes are complex mixtures of abrasives

and surfactants; antiquaries agents, such as fluoride;

tartar control ingredients, such as tetra sodium

pyrophosphate and methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride

copolymer; pH buffers; humectants (to prevent dry-out and

increase the pleasant mouth feel); and binders, to provide

consistency and shape. Binders keep the solid phase properly

suspended in the liquid phase to prevent separation of the

liquid phase out of the toothpaste. They also provide body to

the dentifrice, especially after extrusion from the tube onto

the toothbrush.

 

The abrasives found in toothpaste function as polishing

agents aiding the physical brushing during application.

Abrasives also participate secondarily in the building of

toothpaste rheology. Commonly used toothpaste abrasives

include silica, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphates.

Polyols such as sorbitol, xylitol, and glycerin improve

consistency and serve as humectants that prevent moisture

loss from toothpaste formulations. Sorbitol and xylitol have

the additional function of acting as secondary or in some

cases primary sweeteners.

The surfactant, typically sodium lauryl sulfate, acts as a

foaming agent, although many toothpastes include sodium

lauroyl sarcosinate and cocamido propyl betaine. The foaming

action facilitates the removal of debris from the oral cavity.

 

GYPSUM BOARD

Gypsum board, also known as “drywall” or “plaster board,”

consists of a core of gypsum surrounded with a paper

covering. Several varieties of gypsum board products are

available; each is comprised of a specially formulated gypsum

plaster mix and facing paper specifically developed for the

intended application. These gypsum board products include

regular gypsum wallboard, moisture-resistant gypsum board,

and type-X fire resistant gypsum board.

Gypsum board is made of gypsum, which consists of the

core of the board and the both sides of the gypsum core are

covered and adhered with paper, and is widely used as a

construction material. It is widely used as construction

materials mainly for interior finishing like partition, walls,

ceiling and acoustic boards. Major raw materials are gypsum

and hard board papers. The plant can be categorizes as smallscale

industry.

 

Characteristics of Gypsum Board

The Characteristics of gypsum board as building material

are briefly summarized as:

Good processing properties and easy application, light as

for a heat insulation and fire resistance material, no practical

deformation and warp as the lath of the wall. And because

of these excellent properties, gypsum board is regarded as

one of the indispensable materials among the interior

finishing materials.

 

Uses

Gypsum board is commonly used for the construction of

the inside wall, the ceiling, and the partitions. The application

technique can be broadly classified into two categories,

namely the dry method, in which the gypsum board is

finished with wall-papers or is painted, or the printed gypsum

board is directly applied, and the wet method in which the

surface of the gypsum board is plastered. Hence the choice

of the suitable type of gypsum board and the application

method thereof are to be considered according to the

circumstances.

The paper covering the both sides of gypsum core of the

gypsum board is normally consisted of 3 to 8 layers of fibrous

tissue. The most important properties required for the paper

are the adhesion characteristic with gypsum, the strength

and the resistance against the undulant tendency caused by

the repeated drying and humidification.

 

GLASS FIBRE

The Glass derived from the latin word “Glesum” means

transparent, lustrous substance. “A uniform amorphous

solid material, usually produced when a suitably viscous

molten material cools very rapidly. Glasses exhibit a glass

transition temperature, below which they are true solids and

above which they flow as a very viscous liquid. Glass is a state

of matter not a substance. Glass is a hard, brittle, and usually

transparent material. Glass is often referred to as a

supercooled liquid in that it has no crystallisation or melting

point.

A Glass fibre or Fibre glass can be defined as “A material

consisting of extremely fine filaments of glass that are

combined in yarn and woven into fabrics, used in masses as

a thermal and acoustical insulator, or embedded in various

resins to make boat hulls, fishing rods, and the like.”

Fiberglass materials are popular for their attributes of

high strength compared to relatively light weight. Fiberglass

really is made of glass, similar to windows or the drinking

glasses. The glass is heated until it is molten, then it is forced

through superfine holes, creating glass filaments that are very

thin – so thin they are better measured in microns.

 

Polymer matrix composites containing glass fibers are

used to make external body panels, bumper beams, pultruded

body panels and airducts, engine components, etc. Parts

made are much lighter thanmetallic ones, making the

automobile more fuel efficient.

Aerospace Market: Glass fiber reinforced composites are

used to make aircraft parts such as wings, helicopter rotor

blades, engine ducts etc. glass fiber has a relatively low elastic

modulus. Hence it is more common touse glass fiber

reinforced polymer composites in the interior of an airplane

rather than in primary structural parts.

• The radar transparency characteristics of glass has

given it some key uses in the radar evading stealth

technologies.

Marine Market: Sailing boats and hulls and decks of

commercial fishing boats and military mine hunters are

frequently made of glass fiber reinforced polymers. Glass fiber

reinforced polyester is commonly used in making boats of all

sizes.

Civil Construction: Typical applications include the use

of glass fibers in polymeric resins for paneling, bathtubs and

shower stalls, doors, windows etc. glassfibers are also used

as reinforcement in a variety of house hold itemssuch as

paper, tapes, lampshades etc. Some special alkali resistant

glass fibers have been developed for reinforcement of cement

and concrete. Commonly steel bars are used for such

purposes.

 

COMPLEX FERTILIZERS

Complex fertilizers (also known as compound fertlizers)

are made from mixing two or more of macro-nutrient type

fertlizers. They may also be further blended with elements

that provide some of the less-common plant nutrients (known

as secondary or trace nutrients, such as sulfur, calcium and

magnesium). Compound fertilizer can be packaged and

distributed in liquid or granular form.

A numbering system is used to define the percentages of

the three essential plant nutrients. For example, a 20-20-10

fertilizer would contain 20 percent nitrogen, 20 percent

phosphorus and 10 percent potassium.

Complex fertilizer process plants around the world use

the raw materials with approximate purity of Phosphoric acid

of conc. 46% and 26%, Sulphuric acid of 93%, Ammonia

99.5% maximum, Urea prills, Muriate of Potash, Fillers.

NPK fertilizer plants are used for production of complex

with different concentrations and types, such as inorganic

fertilizers and biological fertilizers. These fertilizers can be

obtained in the form of uniform granules from 1 mm to 4 mm

size. These granules are white, cream, brown, gray or black

in color. Moreover, the production line can be optimized

manufacture different grades such as; and 8 :20: 14: 5, 10 :

15 : 10 : 4, 10 : 24 : 17 : 6, 12 : 16 : 22: 6.5, and 14 : 22 : 15 :

6 etc.

Complex Fertilizer for Vegetables

Characteristics

• Being a base fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium and other organic matters are properly

blended.

• Improves the taste, quality and appearance of

vegetables.

• Other organic matters contained in the complex

fertilizer have a strong sustaining power and prevents

chemical fertilizer components from being washed

away. They also help invigorate activities of soil

microorganisms disintegrating not readily utilized

nutrients in the soil, thus helping vegetables grow. The

organic matters also have a big capacity to hold

moisture and minimize damages by the dry spell. They

are helpful to vegetables that have to survive during

the winter (onion, garlic, oil vegetables and barley)

since they contribute to raising the soil temperature.

 

Scrubbing Section

There are 3 scrubbing units (that include the 3 scrubbing

steps)

• The first unit is composed of Granulator fumes prescrubber

for the gases coming from the granulator

mainly containing ammonia & dust. It is a vertical

section/ cyclonic type scrubber. The washing liquid

is normally constituted by phosphoric acid (20-40%

P2O5) and some sulphuric acid. In this high pressure

sprays are used for gaseous fluoride and ammonia

absorption.

• The second unit (second scrubbing step)

is composed of granulator scrubber, Dryer scrubber,

Cooler & Dedusting scrubber. The first one for the

gases coming from the granulator pre-scrubber, the

second one for gases coming from the dryer-cyclones.

• The third one of gases coming from the cooler cyclones

and dedusting cyclones, mainly containing dust. All

the three scrubbers are of similar towers, venture/

cyclonic type, but logically with different dimensions,

and in this more diluted acids are used.

 

ABOUT NPCS

 

NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES (NPCS) is a reliable name in the industrial world for offering integrated technical consultancy services. NPCS is manned by engineers, planners, specialists, financial experts, economic analysts and design specialists with extensive experience in the related industries.

Our various services are: Detailed Project Report,  Business Plan for Manufacturing Plant, Start-up Ideas, Business Ideas for Entrepreneurs, Start up Business Opportunities, entrepreneurship projects, Successful Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, project report, Cost and Revenue, Pre-feasibility study for Profitable Manufacturing Business, Project Identification, Project Feasibility and Market Study, Identification of Profitable Industrial Project Opportunities, Business Opportunities, Investment Opportunities for Most Profitable Business in India, Manufacturing Business Ideas, Preparation of Project Profile, Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Study, Market Research Study, Preparation of Techno-Economic Feasibility Report, Identification and Section of Plant, Process, Equipment, General Guidance, Startup Help, Technical and Commercial Counseling for setting up new industrial project and Most Profitable Small Scale Business.

NPCS also publishes varies process technology, technical, reference, self employment and startup books, directory, business and industry database, bankable detailed project report, market research report on various industries, small scale industry and profit making business. Besides being used by manufacturers, industrialists and entrepreneurs, our publications are also used by professionals including project engineers, information services bureau, consultants and project consultancy firms as one of the input in their research.

Our Detailed Project report aims at providing all the critical data required by any entrepreneur vying to venture into Project. While expanding a current business or while venturing into new business, entrepreneurs are often faced with the dilemma of zeroing in on a suitable product/line.

 


And before diversifying/venturing into any product, wish to study the following aspects of the identified product:


• Good Present/Future Demand
• Export-Import Market Potential
• Raw Material & Manpower Availability
• Project Costs and Payback Period


We at NPCS, through our reliable expertise in the project consultancy and market research field, Provides exhaustive information about the project, which satisfies all the above mentioned requirements and has high growth potential in the markets. And through our report we aim to help you make sound and informed business decision.

 

The report contains all the data which will help an entrepreneur find answers to questions like:

• Why I should invest in this project?
• What will drive the growth of the product?
• What are the costs involved?
• What will be the market potential?


The report first focuses on enhancing the basic knowledge of the entrepreneur about the main product, by elucidating details like product definition, its uses and applications, industry segmentation as well as an overall overview of the industry sector in India. The report then helps an entrepreneur identify the target customer group of its product. It further helps in making sound investment decision by listing and then elaborating on factors that will contribute to the growth of product consumption in India and also talks about the foreign trade of the product along with the list of top importing and top exporting countries. Report includes graphical representation and forecasts of key data discussed in the above mentioned segment. It further explicates the growth potential of the product.

The report includes other market data like key players in the Industry segment along with their contact information and recent developments. It includes crucial information like raw material requirements, list of machinery and manufacturing process for the plant. Core project financials like plant capacity, costs involved in setting up of project, working capital requirements, projected revenue and profit are further listed in the report.


Reasons for buying the report:

• This report helps you to identify a profitable project for investing or diversifying into by throwing light to crucial areas like industry size, demand of the product and reasons for investing in the product.

• This report provides vital information on the product like its definition, characteristics and segmentation.

• This report helps you market and place the product correctly by identifying the target customer group of the product.

• This report helps you understand the viability of the project by disclosing details like raw materials required, manufacturing process, project costs and snapshot of other project financials.

• The report provides forecasts of key parameters which helps to anticipate the industry performance and make sound business decision.

 

Our Approach:


• Our research reports broadly cover Indian markets, present analysis, outlook and forecast.

• The market forecasts are developed on the basis of secondary research and are cross-validated through interactions with the industry players. 

• We use reliable sources of information and databases.  And information from such sources is processed by us and included in the report.

 

Our Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report Contains following information:

 

 

Ø  Introduction

·         Project Introduction

·         Project Objective and Strategy

·         Concise History of the Product

·         Properties

·         BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) Provision & Specification

·         Uses & Applications

 

Ø  Market Study and Assessment

·         Current Indian Market Scenario

·         Present Market Demand and Supply

·         Estimated Future Market Demand and Forecast

·         Statistics of Import & Export

·         Names & Addresses of Existing Units (Present Players)

·         Market Opportunity

 

Ø  Raw Material

·         List of Raw Materials

·         Properties of Raw Materials

·         Prescribed Quality of Raw Materials

·         List of Suppliers and Manufacturers

 

Ø  Personnel (Manpower) Requirements

·         Requirement of Staff & Labor (Skilled and Unskilled) Managerial, Technical, Office Staff and Marketing Personnel

 

Ø  Plant and Machinery

·         List of Plant & Machinery

·         Miscellaneous Items

·         Appliances & Equipments

·         Laboratory Equipments & Accessories

·         Electrification

·         Electric Load & Water

·         Maintenance Cost

·         Sources of Plant & Machinery (Suppliers and Manufacturers)

 

Ø  Manufacturing Process and Formulations

·         Detailed Process of Manufacture with Formulation

·         Packaging Required

·         Process Flow Sheet Diagram

 

Ø  Infrastructure and Utilities

·         Project Location

·         Requirement of Land Area

·         Rates of the Land

·         Built Up Area

·         Construction Schedule

·         Plant Layout and Requirement of Utilities

 

Project at a Glance

Along with financial details as under:

 

  •     Assumptions for Profitability workings

  •    Plant Economics

  •    Production Schedule

  •    Land & Building

            Factory Land & Building

            Site Development Expenses

  •    Plant & Machinery

             Indigenous Machineries

            Other Machineries (Miscellaneous, Laboratory etc.)

  •    Other Fixed Assets

            Furniture & Fixtures

            Pre-operative and Preliminary Expenses

            Technical Knowhow

            Provision of Contingencies

  •   Working Capital Requirement Per Month

             Raw Material

            Packing Material

            Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

           Consumable Store

  •   Overheads Required Per Month And Per Annum

         Utilities & Overheads (Power, Water and Fuel Expenses etc.)

             Royalty and Other Charges

            Selling and Distribution Expenses

  •    Salary and Wages

  •    Turnover Per Annum

  •   Share Capital

            Equity Capital

            Preference Share Capital

 

  •    Annexure 1:: Cost of Project and Means of Finance

  •    Annexure 2::  Profitability and Net Cash Accruals

                Revenue/Income/Realisation

                Expenses/Cost of Products/Services/Items

                Gross Profit

                Financial Charges     

                Total Cost of Sales

                Net Profit After Taxes

                Net Cash Accruals

  •   Annexure 3 :: Assessment of Working Capital requirements

                Current Assets

                Gross Working. Capital

                Current Liabilities

                Net Working Capital

                Working Note for Calculation of Work-in-process

  •    Annexure 4 :: Sources and Disposition of Funds

  •    Annexure 5 :: Projected Balance Sheets

                ROI (Average of Fixed Assets)

                RONW (Average of Share Capital)

                ROI (Average of Total Assets)

  •    Annexure 6 :: Profitability ratios

                D.S.C.R

                Earnings Per Share (EPS)

               

             Debt Equity Ratio

        Annexure 7   :: Break-Even Analysis

                Variable Cost & Expenses

                Semi-Var./Semi-Fixed Exp.

                Profit Volume Ratio (PVR)

                Fixed Expenses / Cost 

                B.E.P

  •   Annexure 8 to 11:: Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume

            Resultant N.P.B.T

            Resultant D.S.C.R

   Resultant PV Ratio

   Resultant DER

  Resultant ROI

          Resultant BEP

  •    Annexure 12 :: Shareholding Pattern and Stake Status

        Equity Capital

        Preference Share Capital

  •   Annexure 13 :: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks

        Determined Capacity P.A of Products/Services

        Achievable Efficiency/Yield % of Products/Services/Items 

        Net Usable Load/Capacity of Products/Services/Items   

       Expected Sales/ Revenue/ Income of Products/ Services/ Items   

  •    Annexure 14 :: Product wise domestic Sales Realisation

  •    Annexure 15 :: Total Raw Material Cost

  •    Annexure 16 :: Raw Material Cost per unit

  •    Annexure 17 :: Total Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

  •    Annexure 18  :: Consumables, Store etc.,

  •    Annexure 19  :: Packing Material Cost

  •    Annexure 20  :: Packing Material Cost Per Unit

  •    Annexure 21 :: Employees Expenses

  •    Annexure 22 :: Fuel Expenses

  •    Annexure 23 :: Power/Electricity Expenses

  •    Annexure 24 :: Royalty & Other Charges

  •    Annexure 25 :: Repairs & Maintenance Exp.

  •    Annexure 26 :: Other Mfg. Expenses

  •    Annexure 27 :: Administration Expenses

  •    Annexure 28 :: Selling Expenses

  •    Annexure 29 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (Total)

  •   Annexure 30   :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (P & M)

  •   Annexure 31   :: Depreciation Charges - As per IT Act WDV (Total)

  •   Annexure 32   :: Depreciation Charges - As per IT Act WDV (P & M)

  •   Annexure 33   :: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans

  •   Annexure 34   :: Tax on Profits

  •   Annexure 35   ::Projected Pay-Back Period And IRR