Herbs Cultivation & Medicinal Uses (2nd Edition) ( ) ( Best Seller ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Author H. Panda ISBN 8186623469
Code ENI32 Format Paperback
Price: Rs 975   975 US$ 26   26
Pages: 634 Published 2005
Publisher National Institute of Industrial Research
Usually Ships within 5 days

India is one of the leading Herbs producer and exporter in the world. Several meticulous researches were conducted and experimented with herbs. They arrived at more precise conclusions about the usefulness of diverse plants and herbs that are utilized in different fields like medicine. Ayurveda is the time honoured therapeutic form, prevailing in India since 2000 B.C. The Ayurveda healing is completely based on herbs, which have definite medicinal importance or significance. In the primeval times, the Indian sagacious held the view that Ayurveda herbs are the only resolution to treat numeral health related problems and diseases. Several meticulous researches were conducted and experimented with herbs to arrive at more precise conclusions about the usefulness of diverse plants and herbs that have medicinal value. Herbal products are replacing the synthetics products because of its harsh nature. Herbal products are in huge demand in the developed world for health care for the reason that they are efficient, safe and have lesser side effects. Growing herbs is easy to do, and people continue to turn their love for gardening into successful businesses growing and selling fresh cut herbs, herb plants, and other herb related products. Understanding the worth and heritage of excellence of Ayurveda in India the book makes an attempt to provide information on cultivation and medicinal use of herbs. 
The book contains the Cultivation of different herbs with photograph of a variety of herbal plants. The book also includes the habitat constituents, action and use in Ayurveda, sidda and Unani medicines. The book contains information on more than 100 herbs. The book contains chapters on cultivation of some of the very important herbs like: Pyrethrum Cultivation, Periwinkle Cultivation and Belladonna Cultivation and many more. The book also has the abbreviations for languages section at the end.
There are many who have a genuine interest in understanding the medicinal benefits of herb. The book also has a section on some common home remedied that could be tried at home for quick relief of certain problems. The book can also be a good option for those looking for a guide to understand basics for starting cultivation of different herbs and taking it as a business opportunity. It is a ready manual and information database for traders, new entrepreneurs, manufacturers, project consultant and libraries etc.

1 Pyrethrum Cultivation
2 Periwinkle Cultivation
3 Bellodonna Cultivation
4 Duboisia Cultivation
5 Ergot Cultivation
6 Artemisia Annua Cultivation
7 Sapogenin Bearing species of yams 
and their cultivation
8 Abelmoschus Esculentus
9 Amroma Augusta
10 Abrus Precatorius
11 Abutilon Indicum
12 Acacia Arabica
13 Acacia Catechu
14 Achyranthes Aspera
15 Aconitum Ferox.
16 Aconitum Heterophyllum
17 Aconitum Napellus
18 Aegle Marmelo
19 Agati Grandiflora
20 Allium Cepa
21 Allium Sativum
22 AlocasiA Indica
23 Aloe Indica
24 Alpina Galanga
25 Anacardium Occidentale
26 Ananas Sativus
27 Andropogon Muricatus
28 Annona Squamosa
29 Anthemis Nobilis
30 Areca Catechu
31 Argemone Mexicana
32 Aristolochia Indica
33 Asclepias Asthmatica.
34 Asparagus Adscendens
35 Balsamodendron Mukul
36 Balsamodendron Myrrha
37 Bambusa Arundinacea
38 Bassis Longifolia
39 Berberis Vulgaris
40 Beta Vulgaris
41 Bombax Malabaricum
42 Boswellia Glabra
43 Brassica Campestris
44 Brassica Juncea
45 Brassica Nigra
46 Brassica Oleracea.
47 Caesalpinia Bondus
48 Calophyllium Inophyllum
49 Calotropis Gigantea
50 Camellia Theifera
51 Camphora Officinarum

52 Cannabis Sativa
53 Canscora Decussata
54 Capsicum Annuum
55 Careya Arborea
56 Carica Papaya
57 Cephalandra Indica.
58 Cinchona Cortex
59 Action of Cinchona Alkaloids
60 Cinnamomum Cassia
61 Cinnamomum Iners
62 Citrullus Colocynthis
63 Citrullus Vulgaris
64 Citrus Aurantium
65 Citrus Bergamia
66 Croton Tiglium
67 Cubeba Officinalis
68 Cucumis Sativus
69 Cuminum Cyminum
70 Curculigo Orchioides
71 Curcuma Longa
72 Cyperus Pertenuis
73 Cyperus Rotundus
74 Datura Alba
75 Daucus Carota
76 Euphorbia Neriifolia.
77 Euphorbia Pilurifera.
78 Feaula Assafoetida
79 Ficus Bengalensis
80 Ficus Carica
81 Ficus Glomerata
82 Ficus Religiosa
83 Foeniculum Vulgare
84 Garcinia Pictoria
85 Garcinia Purpurea
86 Helleborus Niger
87 Hemidesmus Indicus
88 Herpestis Monniera
89 Ipomoea Digitata
90 Ipomoea Turpethum
91 Jasminum Grandiflorum
92 Lepidium Sativum
93 LinUM Usitatissimum
94 Luffa Echinata
95 Mallotus Phillippinensis
96 Mangifera Indica
97 Melia Azadirachta
98 Mentha Arvensis
99 Metha Piperita
100 Mentha Sylvestris
101 Michelia Champaca
102 Mimosa Pudica
103 MiMusops Elengi
104 Momordica Charantia
105 Moringa Oleifera
106 Mucuna Pruriens
107 Musa Sapientum
108 Myristica Fragrans
109 Myrtus Caryophyllus
110 Nardostachys Jatamansi
111 Nelumbium Speciosum
112 Nerium Odorum
113 Nicotiana Tabacum
114 Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis
115 Nymphaea Lotus
116 Ocimum Basilicum
117 Ocimum Sanctum
118 Opuntia Dillenii
119 Orchis Mascula
120 Oxalis Corniculata
121 Paederia Foetida
122 Pandanus Odoratissimus
123 Papaver Somniferum
124 Pedalium Murex
125 Peganum Harmala
126 Peucedanum Graveolens
127 Phaseolus Mungo
128 Phaseolus Roxburghii
129 Picrorrhiza Kurrooa
130 Pimpinella Anisum
131 Piper Betle
132 Piper Longum
133 Piper Nigrum
134 Pistacia Lentiscus
135 Plantago Ispagula
136 Pongamia Glambra
137 Portulaca Oleracea
138 Prunus Amygdalus
139 Psidium Guyava
140 Psoralea Corylifolia
141 Ptychotis Ajowan
142 Punica Granatum
143 Pyrus Malus
144 Quercus Infectoria
145 Randia Dumetorum
146 Raphanus Sativus
147 Rauwolfia Serpentina
148 Rheum Emodi
149 Rhus Succedanea
150 Ricinus Communis
151 Rosa Damascena
152 Rubia Cordifolia
153 Ruta Graveolens
154 Saccharum Officinarum
155 Salix Caprea
156 Salvadora Persica
157 Salvia Officinalis.
158 Santalum Album
159 Sapindus Trifoliatus
160 Saraca Indica
161 Saussurea Lappa
162 Semecarpus Anacardium
163 Shorea Robusta
164 Sida Cordifolia
165 Smilax China
166 Solanum Jacquinii 
167 Solanum Melongena
168 Solanum Nigrum
169 Solanum Tuberosum
170 Solanum Xanthocarpum.
171 Sphaeranthus Hirtus
172 Strychnos Colubrina
173 Strychnos Nux-Vomica
174 Strychnos Potatorum
175 Styrax Benzion
176 Swertia Chirata
177 Symplocos Racemosa
178 Tamarindus Indica
179 Tamarix Gallica
180 Terminalia Arjuna
181 Terminalia Belerica
182 Terminalia Chebula.
183 Theobroma Cacao
184 Thevetia Neriifolia
ABBREVIATIONS FOR LANGUAGES ETC.

 

DUBOISIA CULTIVATION

INTRODUCTION

Duboisia is endemic to Australian regions. The genus Duboisia is represented by three species, viz., D. myoporoides, D. leichhardtii and D. hopwoodii. The first two species are rich in hyoscine and hyoscyamine, whereas the third one contains tobacco alkaloids, nicotine and nor-nicotine. Recently, roots of D. hopwoodii have been found to contain substantial amounts of hyoscyamine and hyoscine; these are absent or merely detected in leaves. Brown first collected Duboisia myoporoides during 1802-1805 and named the genus 'Duboisia' in honour of the French botanist 'Dubois'. He described myoporoides in his Prodomus of 1810. Baron von Mueller described Duboisia leichhardtii in 1867, from specimens brought back by Ludwig Leichhardt, the explorer, and in his honour the specific name was given. As the specimens were lacking fruit, von Mueller placed the species in the genus Anthoceris. After ten years (1877), when fruiting samples were found, it was transferred to genus Duboisia.

Over 1000 ha of Duboisia are cultivated in Queensland, Australia. The species harvested are D. leichhardtii and D. myoporoides. The former is confined to South Burnett district, whereas the latter is found along the east coast of Australia. Presently, most of the leaves are gathered from D. leichhardtii. Recent investigations have shown that Duboisia species can be cultivated successfully in Japan.

In more recent years, a hybrid of D. leichhardtii and D. myoporoides has been developed. Higher alkaloid yields are observed in crosses, where the female parent was D. myoporoides. The alkaloid mixture is has complex than the parent species and contains only hyoscine, hyoscyamine and 6-hydroxycyamine with traces of valtropine and butropine. The hybrid is readily propagated by cuttings; thus it is possible to obtain a plantation which has been derived entirely from clonal material. Finally, the development of an accurate analytical method made large cultivation trials feasible.

Up to this time, species of Datura and Physochalaina praealta Miers, had been the only source of these alkaloids in India, Seeds of Datura innoxia Mill, contain 0.2 to 0.3% of total alkaloids (0.1% hyoscine) and leaves of D. metel L. which contain 0.4 to 0.5% of total alkaloids (0.25% hyoscine), are the only source of hyoscine in India. Processing of such raw materials is considered uneconomical because of very low alkaloidal content. Similarly, leaves of Physochalaina praelta Miers (alkaloid content 0.6-0.7%) and Datura stramonium L. (0.3 to 0.8%) are the only source of hyoscyamine available in India today.

Leaves of Duboisia myoporoides containing 2 to 4% of total alkaloids with more than 60% of hyoscine and 30% of hyoscyamine are the main source of tropane alkaloids in world today. Commercial cultivation of Duboisia is done only in Australia, mainly in Queensland area, from where it is exported to European countries for further processing.

First attempt of its introduction in India was made by the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. But, commercial cultivation has not been established. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow is trying to establish it as a commercial crop in Northern Plains and Karnataka. Its large-scale commercial cultivation would turn India into a major supplier of tropane alkaloids and the country could earn a handsome amount of foreign exchange.

BOTANY

Duboisia myoporoides is a medium sized tree, stem woody with thick cork, vertically fissured. Leaf simple, petiolate, exstipulate, lanceolate, 9-10 cm long, 2-2.5 cm broad, entire margin, alternate. Inflorescence axillary and terminal cymes, dichasial to begin with and showing a tendency to scorpioid cymes. Flower small, white, pedicellate, actinomorphic. Calyx-5 sepals, persistent. Corolla-5 petals, tubular, shows green streaks at the throat of the corolla. Androecium-5 stamens, epipetalous. Gynoecium-2 celled, many ovules, axile placentation. Fruit-berry, black on maturity. Seeds-5-6 in each berry, small, kidney shaped, 1 g contains about 500 seeds.

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Duboisia requires moderate climate where winter and summer temperatures are not severe. Areas with moderate rainfall of 1000 mm per year with well-distributed rains are ideal. High rainfall is harmful to the crop.

Well-drained medium or light loam soil with neutral pH is ideal for growing the crop. The plant can be cultivated in the Deccan plateau of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

CULTIVATION

i.Preparation of Land

For the establishment of a new plantation, the soil is ploughed to a depth of 20-25 cm about 2-3 months before planting. The soil should be worked to a good tilth to eradicate weeds.

ii.Raising the Nursery

It is most conveniently propagated by seeds. Duboisia fruits which are initially green in colour, turn black on maturity. Flowering starts in November and continues up to April/May. Flowering and fruiting are profuse from February to April. The fruits either fall to the ground on maturity or picked from the trees. Each fruit contains about 5-6 seeds. They are then washed to remove all the pulp and dried in the sun before they are used for propagation.

Seedlings are raised in polythene bags containing a mixture of fine sand and farmyard manure in equal proportion. Two seeds are sown per bag. Germination starts from about the 12th day and by the 18th day, about 10% of the seeds germinate. Nearly 60% of the seeds germinate by about 40 days. It is, therefore, very essential to keep watering the nursery to ensure good germination. Ultimately, the seedlings are thinned, maintaining one plant per bag.

Pretreatment of seeds with gibberellic acid reportedly gives better germination. The seeds are soaked in 250 ppm gibberellic acid at about 40°C for about 24 hours. They are then thoroughly washed in fresh water to remove the chemical and dried in the sun. Treated seeds are used for sowing after about six weeks.

Seedlings attain a height of about 25 cm in three months in the nursery and at this stage they are ready for transplanting.

iii.Transplanting

After the intial discing and tilling of land, pits of 30 Ã- 30 Ã- 30 cm are made at 2 m Ã- 2 m spacing. The soil is mixed with the recommended dose of manure and fertilisers and made ready for transplanting. Healthy seedlings are transplanted, one into each pit and watered. One hectare will take 2,500 plants.

IRRIGATION

Plants are watered frequently in the intial stages. The frequency is gradually reduced and once the crop is well established, irrigation once in about 15 days is sufficient during the rain-free period.

FERTILISER APPLICATION

Farmyard manure at the rate of 20 tonnes per hectare and fertilisers (urea, superphosphate and muriate of potash) to supply 20 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O per hectare are mixed well with the soil prior to taking up transplanting. Subsequently, nitrogen at 20 kg/ha is given to the crop at bimonthly intervals. Manure and fertilisers are supplied to the crop in the same dosage as above during the second and subsequent years of the crop growth.

PESTS AND DISEASES

Although pests and diseases are known to occur on Duboisia, it has not so far been affected by any serious pest or disease during the past 4-5 years of its trials in Karnataka. There was occurrence of green caterpillar (not identified yet), which was feeding on leaves and was controlled by spraying the crop with Malathion (0.03%).

HARVESTING

The plants grow very fast and will be ready for harvest in about 6 months from transplanting. The lower branches on the main stem up to a height of about 45 cm are completely removed to maintain clearance at ground level for general maintenance. The main as well as other side branches are cut at a height of about one metre retaining about 20% of the leaves in the plant. This encourages profuse branching and the left out leaves help in re-growth. Further harvest are made similarly at one metre height, at intervals of about four months. Accordingly, while two harvests are possible during the first year, three harvests a year can be taken from second year onwards. This practice of harvesting has already been successfully followed for nearly three years. The plants are likely to yield well for at least five years, after which replanting should be taken up if re-growth is not found satisfactory.

The harvested twigs are transferred to shade. The leaves are separated and spread out for drying.

YIELD

On an average, each plant gives about 2 kg of fresh leaves per harvest which on shade drying reduce to about 0.5 kg. Yield per hectare of fresh herbage is about 10 tonnes during the first year and 15 tonnes per year from the second year onwards. This on shade drying gives about 2 tonnes of air-dried leaves for the first year, and 3 tonnes from the second year onwards.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS AND USES

The leaves of Duboisia are used as raw material for production of tropane alkaloids, namely, hyoscyamine, atropine and hyoscine (scopolamine), which are used extensively in medicine throughout the world, because of their mydriatic, anticholinergic and antispasmodic action.

Hyoscyamine and atropine are also used in respiratory diseases like asthma, intestinal disorders, colic pain and peptic ulcer. Hyoscine is used for the treatment of motion and asthma.

The total alkaloid content of leaves of D. myoporoides, grown in Karnataka, has been found to vary from 2.75 to 4.90%. In a sample, hyoscyamine was 56.7%, hyoscine 23.3% and other alkaloids 20.0%. On an average, the plant gives a crop containing 3% of total alkaloids.

ASPARAGUS ADSCENDENS, Roxb.

(N.O.-Liliaceae)

Bom., Hind., Mah. and Guj.-Sufed or Safeta Musli; Sataver. U.P.-Khairuwa. Tam. -Tannirvittang. Tel.-Tsallo-gadda. Mal.-Shedeveli. Sinb.-Hirtha-wariya. Arab. & Pers.-Shaqaqule-hindi.

Habitat-West Himalayas, Punjab, fromMurree to Kumaon, Gujarat, Bombay, Rohilkhand, Oudh, and Central India.

Parts Used-Tuberous root or rhizome decorticated.

Constituents-Asparagin, Albuminous matter, mucilage and sellulose. Powdered root is found to contain watery extract, cellulose, moisture and ash, which is 3.6 p.c.

Action-Nutritive, tonic, galactegogue and demulcent. Rhizome is bitterish in taste. "Colour of the tubers is white and they swell up with water. Tubers have got excellent cooling and demulcent properties."

Preparations-Confection and Powder. "The dried tuberous roots obtained in the bazar are known as 'safed-musli'.

Uses-Tubers boiled in milk and sugars are used in spermatorrhoea, gleet and chronic leucorrhoea; also in diarrhoea, dysentery and general debility. It is used as a substitute for Salep. A compound powder containing many ingredients is given as a nutritive tonic in doses of from 5 to 30 grains in milk in cases of seminal weakness and impotence.

CALOPHYLLIUM INOPHYLLUM, Linn.

(N.O.-Guttiferae)

Sans. -Punnaga; Namaeruak; Panchakaeshera. Eng.-Alexandrian Laurel Pannay tree. Hind.-Surpan; Surpunka; Sultan Champa. Ben. -Punnag. Bom.-Undi. Duk.-Oondi. Mah. -Undag; Pumag; Surangi; Nagchampa. Tel.-Pumagamu; Poona-vittulu; Ponnachettu. Tam.-Punnagum; Punnaivirai. Mal.-Cherupuna; Ponnakum; Betan. Can.-Surahonnae; Namaeru. Cutch. -Udi. Sinh. -Domba. Kon. -Undee-phal. Burm.-Pongnyet.

Habitat-Near the seacoasts throughout India.

Parts Used-Bark, seeds and leaves; bitter oil from the seeds and resin or gum.

Constituents-A resin of parsley odour and oil. Resin resembles myrrh and is soluble in alcohol. Kernel of the seeds yields of dark-yellow oil.

Action-Bark is astringent; its juice is purgative. The oil is rubefacient and irritant; but on the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs it is a specific. Its use is only external. Gum is emetic and purgative.

Preparations-Liniment and paste. Paste is made by mixing together pounded seeds of undi, seeds of cashew nut, borax and gamboge.

Uses-Oil expressed from the seeds (60 per cent) and known in Europe as the Domba Oil, is a highly esteemed external application in rheumatism; also in gonorrhoea and gleet; it is also applied to scabies (itch). Gum exuding from the wounded bark is a remedy for wounds and ulcers. Bark is used in decoction in internal haemorrhages and as a wash for indolent ulcers. Leaves soaked in water are applied to infallmed eyes. Gum mixed with strips of bark and leaves is steeped in water and the oil which rises to the surface is an application to sore eyes. Oil expressed from the kemels of the seeds is used as a stimulant application in rheumatism.

CINNAMOMUM CASSIA, Blume.

C. ceylanicum; C. saigonicum;

C. aromaticum & C. laurux.

(N.O.-Lauraceae)

Sans. -Gudatvak; Thwak; Varangam; Thracham. Eng.-"Chinese Cassia," Cinnamon. Pers.-Saila-Myah. Duk. -Qualami. Bom. -Kalphah; Taj; Dalchini. Arab. -Darasini; Darchini. Chin. -Yuh or Juh; Kevei. Hind., PUnj., Kasb., Guj., Ben., Mah. & Can.-Dalchini; Daruchini. Tel., Tam. & Mal.-Lowangapatta. Punj. -Kirfa. Malay.-Kulit-manis. Sinh. -Kurundo. Burm. -Timbotik-yobo. Fr.-Cannelle. Ger.-Zimmt. Gr.-Kinnamomon.

Habitat-Indigenous to Ceylon (Galle District in the Southern Province and in the region of Negumbo in the Western Province). Southern India and growing in a wild state in the Western Ghats from the Konkan Southwards, and in the forests of Tennasserim (Burma).

Parts Used-Dried inner bark of the shoots from truncated stalks (Cinnamomi Cortex) and essentialoil (oleum Cinnamom, B.P.).

Constituents-Volatile Oil 2 p.c., Cinnamic acid, resin, tannin, sugar, mannit, starch, mucilage, ash, etc. Oleum Cinnamomum B.P. is distilled from the cortex and consists chiefly of cinnamic aldehyde oxidizing into resin and cinnamic acid; also cinnamyl acetate and hydrocarbon, and "small quantities of phellandrene, pinene, linalol, carpophyllene, eugenol. etc., also exist. The British Pharmacopoeia limits the amount of aldehydes to 55 to 65 per cent but a genuine oil may contain as much as 75 per cent."

Different oils prepared from cinnamon are: -

[ol]

  • Oil from the bark (Ceylon).
  • Oil from the leaves (yielded on distillation) is of dark-colour, which differs markedly from cinnamon bark oil, and of clove-like odour called clove oil. It contains 70 to 80 p.c. of Eugenol with traces of cinnamic aldehyde; pinene; linalol, etc.
  • Oil from the root, of yellow colour and lighter than water.
  • [/ol]

    The Ceylon variety is said to be the best, containing more sugars and aromatic principles. The fragrance is due to the presence of a volatile oil ("oil of cinnamon") in the bark.

    Action-Bark is carminative, antispasmodic, aromatic, stimutant, haemostatic, astrngent, antiseptic, stomachic and germicide. Oil has no astringency; it is a vascular and nervine stimulant; in large doses an irritant and narcotic poison. The volatile oils are aromatic.

    Action & Uses in Ayurveda and Siddha-Katu-mathura, tikta-rasam, ushna-veeryam, kapha-vathaharam, pitta-karam, lagu, ruksham, in kandu, amadosham, aruchi, hridrogam, diseases of the vasthi, arsas, krimi, pinasam. (2)

    Action & Uses in Unani-Hot 2°, Dry 2°, Stomachic, diabsorbent, diuretic, aphrodisiac, demulcent. Externally: -Cold, headaches, solvent of Rheei, balgham, palpitation, melancholia, dropsy, hiccough, liver complaints, diarrhoea."

    Preparations-Oils are obtained by distillation of the leaves and roots also, besides the bark.

    Uses-This spice is the bark of young shoots. The bark in infusion, decoction or powder, or oil is prescribed in bowel complaints such as dyspepsia, flatulency, diarrhoea and vomiting. It is frequently employed as an adjunct to bitter tonics, purgatives and vegetable and mineral astringents. As a stimulant of the uterine muscular fibre it is employed in menorrhagia and in tedious in 10 to 20 grains doses i s a reputed remedy given in diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also very largely used as a spice or condiment on account of the presence of the essential oil which imparts a delicious flavour to curries. The crystalline cinnamic acid is antitubercular and is used as injection in phthisis. A five per cent only emulsion with yolk of egg is injected in lupus. As a powerful stimulant cinnamon is given in cramps of the stomach, enteralgia, toothache and paralysis of the tongue. "North Kanara, South Kanara and Malabar produce a small quantity of leaf oil for export. Ceylon cinnamon bark is decidedly of a superior quality and the oil has also the reputation of being the best available in the market." The essential oil is used in flavouring sweets and confectionery and as a powerful stimulant in amenorrhoea etc; the bark chewed relieves nausea and vomiting. The oil is locally applied with much benefit in neuralgia and headache. As an antiseptic it is used as an injection in gonorrhoea; as germicide it is used internally in typhoid fever. It was also used in massive doses with success in the treatment of cancer and other microbic diseases by Dr. J.J. Carne Ross of Ancoats, Hospital, Manchester. The clove oil is used externally in rheumatic pains, neuralgia, headache and toothache. It is a frequent ingredient of pill-masses. It strengthens the gums and perfumes the breath. Cinnamic aldehyde being cheaper than cinnamon oil is being recently and largely as an ingredient of chewing gums and chocolates in Ceylon.

    The following are a few very useful home remedies: -

    [ol]

  • Take of Cinnamon powder 1 drachm, Myrobalans (Har) 4 drams, and water 4 ounces. Boil for 10 minutes. A good aromatic purge.
  • Take of Cinnamon (bruised) 1 dram; Catechu 3 drams, and boiling water 10 ounces. Macerate for two hours and strain. Dose-2 teasponfuls three times a day, for diarrhoea.
  • Take of Ginver 10 grains, Cinnamon 10 grains and Cardamoms 10 grains. Powder them all. Dose-1 powder before food. For dyspepsia and flatulency.
  • Take of Cinnamon 1 dram, Cloves 10 grains and Ginger 30 grains; for one powder. Boil in one seer of water for 15 minutes. Dose-two ounces every three hours. Good for influenza.
  • Take of Cinnamon 1 dram, Aniseed ½ dram, Liquorice Raisins without stone each 1 dram, Sweet almonds 3 drams, bitter almond without rind 1 dram and white sugar 1 dram. Powder all well together and make a pill mass. Divide into five-grain pills. Dose-one pill several times a day. Good for cough.
  • [/ol]

    N.B-"Cinnamon is sold in the form of long slender sticks containing numerous small quills which are extremely thin and brittle, often marked with longitudinal striations on the inner surface. These are frequently adulterated with a rougher, thicker and less aromatic bark from Cassia lignea (Cinnamomum tamala) etc."

     

     

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    • This report helps you market and place the product correctly by identifying the target customer group of the product.

    • This report helps you understand the viability of the project by disclosing details like raw materials required, manufacturing process, project costs and snapshot of other project financials.

    • The report provides forecasts of key parameters which helps to anticipate the industry performance and make sound business decision.

     

    Our Approach:


    • Our research reports broadly cover Indian markets, present analysis, outlook and forecast.

    • The market forecasts are developed on the basis of secondary research and are cross-validated through interactions with the industry players. 

    • We use reliable sources of information and databases.  And information from such sources is processed by us and included in the report.

     

    Our Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report Contains following information:

     

     

    Ø  Introduction

    ·         Project Introduction

    ·         Project Objective and Strategy

    ·         Concise History of the Product

    ·         Properties

    ·         BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) Provision & Specification

    ·         Uses & Applications

     

    Ø  Market Study and Assessment

    ·         Current Indian Market Scenario

    ·         Present Market Demand and Supply

    ·         Estimated Future Market Demand and Forecast

    ·         Statistics of Import & Export

    ·         Names & Addresses of Existing Units (Present Players)

    ·         Market Opportunity

     

    Ø  Raw Material

    ·         List of Raw Materials

    ·         Properties of Raw Materials

    ·         Prescribed Quality of Raw Materials

    ·         List of Suppliers and Manufacturers

     

    Ø  Personnel (Manpower) Requirements

    ·         Requirement of Staff & Labor (Skilled and Unskilled) Managerial, Technical, Office Staff and Marketing Personnel

     

    Ø  Plant and Machinery

    ·         List of Plant & Machinery

    ·         Miscellaneous Items

    ·         Appliances & Equipments

    ·         Laboratory Equipments & Accessories

    ·         Electrification

    ·         Electric Load & Water

    ·         Maintenance Cost

    ·         Sources of Plant & Machinery (Suppliers and Manufacturers)

     

    Ø  Manufacturing Process and Formulations

    ·         Detailed Process of Manufacture with Formulation

    ·         Packaging Required

    ·         Process Flow Sheet Diagram

     

    Ø  Infrastructure and Utilities

    ·         Project Location

    ·         Requirement of Land Area

    ·         Rates of the Land

    ·         Built Up Area

    ·         Construction Schedule

    ·         Plant Layout and Requirement of Utilities

     

    Project at a Glance

    Along with financial details as under:

     

      •     Assumptions for Profitability workings

      •    Plant Economics

      •    Production Schedule

      •    Land & Building

                Factory Land & Building

                Site Development Expenses

      •    Plant & Machinery

                 Indigenous Machineries

                Other Machineries (Miscellaneous, Laboratory etc.)

      •    Other Fixed Assets

                Furniture & Fixtures

                Pre-operative and Preliminary Expenses

                Technical Knowhow

                Provision of Contingencies

      •   Working Capital Requirement Per Month

                 Raw Material

                Packing Material

                Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

               Consumable Store

      •   Overheads Required Per Month And Per Annum

             Utilities & Overheads (Power, Water and Fuel Expenses etc.)

                 Royalty and Other Charges

                Selling and Distribution Expenses

      •    Salary and Wages

      •    Turnover Per Annum

      •   Share Capital

                Equity Capital

                Preference Share Capital

     

      •    Annexure 1:: Cost of Project and Means of Finance

      •    Annexure 2::  Profitability and Net Cash Accruals

                    Revenue/Income/Realisation

                    Expenses/Cost of Products/Services/Items

                    Gross Profit

                    Financial Charges     

                    Total Cost of Sales

                    Net Profit After Taxes

                    Net Cash Accruals

      •   Annexure 3 :: Assessment of Working Capital requirements

                    Current Assets

                    Gross Working. Capital

                    Current Liabilities

                    Net Working Capital

                    Working Note for Calculation of Work-in-process

      •    Annexure 4 :: Sources and Disposition of Funds

      •    Annexure 5 :: Projected Balance Sheets

                    ROI (Average of Fixed Assets)

                    RONW (Average of Share Capital)

                    ROI (Average of Total Assets)

      •    Annexure 6 :: Profitability ratios

                    D.S.C.R

                    Earnings Per Share (EPS)

                   

                 Debt Equity Ratio

            Annexure 7   :: Break-Even Analysis

                    Variable Cost & Expenses

                    Semi-Var./Semi-Fixed Exp.

                    Profit Volume Ratio (PVR)

                    Fixed Expenses / Cost 

                    B.E.P

      •   Annexure 8 to 11:: Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume

                Resultant N.P.B.T

                Resultant D.S.C.R

       Resultant PV Ratio

       Resultant DER

      Resultant ROI

              Resultant BEP

      •    Annexure 12 :: Shareholding Pattern and Stake Status

            Equity Capital

            Preference Share Capital

      •   Annexure 13 :: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks

            Determined Capacity P.A of Products/Services

            Achievable Efficiency/Yield % of Products/Services/Items 

            Net Usable Load/Capacity of Products/Services/Items   

           Expected Sales/ Revenue/ Income of Products/ Services/ Items   

      •    Annexure 14 :: Product wise domestic Sales Realisation

      •    Annexure 15 :: Total Raw Material Cost

      •    Annexure 16 :: Raw Material Cost per unit

      •    Annexure 17 :: Total Lab & ETP Chemical Cost

      •    Annexure 18  :: Consumables, Store etc.,

      •    Annexure 19  :: Packing Material Cost

      •    Annexure 20  :: Packing Material Cost Per Unit

      •    Annexure 21 :: Employees Expenses

      •    Annexure 22 :: Fuel Expenses

      •    Annexure 23 :: Power/Electricity Expenses

      •    Annexure 24 :: Royalty & Other Charges

      •    Annexure 25 :: Repairs & Maintenance Exp.

      •    Annexure 26 :: Other Mfg. Expenses

      •    Annexure 27 :: Administration Expenses

      •    Annexure 28 :: Selling Expenses

      •    Annexure 29 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (Total)

      •   Annexure 30   :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (P & M)

      •   Annexure 31   :: Depreciation Charges - As per IT Act WDV (Total)

      •   Annexure 32   :: Depreciation Charges - As per IT Act WDV (P & M)

      •   Annexure 33   :: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans

      •   Annexure 34   :: Tax on Profits

      •   Annexure 35   ::Projected Pay-Back Period And IRR