1. Electrochemical Processing
INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
INORGANIC
Hardware for Electrochemical Processing
Production Conditions
Electrolysis of Chloride Solutions
Organic
Hardware for Electro-Organic Processing
Cells
Electrodes
Electrolytes
Diaphragms
Cell Designs
Scale-Up-Consideration
2. Metal Surface Treatments
CLEANING, PICKLING, AND RELATED PROCESSES
Cleaning
Solvent Cleaning
Wiping
Emulsifiable Solvents
Emulsion Cleaning
Diphasic Chlorinated Solvents
Vapour Degreasing
Ultrasonic
Alkaline
Immersion
Spray
Ultrasonic Alkaline
Steam
Electrocleaning
Pickling
(a) Chemical for Pickling
Sulphuric Acid:
Hydrochloric Acid:
Nitric Acid:
Phosphoric Acid:
Chromic Acid:
Hydrofluoric Acid:
Other Pickling Acid:
The practice of Electrolytic Pickling:
Chemical and Electrolytic Pickling Compared
Anodic Cathodic Pickling Compared:
Tin and Lead Additions:
Regeneration of Pickling Solutions
Pickling Before Electroplating
3. Electrolytic machinery methods
PRINCIPLES OF THE ECM PROCESS
The Solution Gap
Electrolytes
Temperature Effects
Corrosion products
Pressure Effects
TYPES OF ECM OPERATIONS
MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECM PROCESS
Electrolyte Development
Fundamental Investigation
Innovations in ECM Operation
Static Fixture Finishing and Sizing
Embossing
Broaching
Uses
4. Electroless Plating
THEORY
Equipment
Plating Tanks
Rack Design and Loading Factors
Safety and Waste Disposal
Plating on Metals
Preparation of the Substrate
Plating on Nonconductors
Plating of Plastics
Process Details
Printed Circuits
Printed-Circuit Etchants
Emerging Printed-Circuit Technologies
Plating on Glass
Architectural Glass
Ceramic Plating
Composite Plating
ELECTROLESS COMPOSITE COATINGS
USES AND APPLICATIONS:
Nonelectrolytic Plating Processes
Immersion Plating
Autocatalytic Plating
Postplating Treatments
Specification and Tests
Thickness
Corrosion Resistance
Adhesion
Applications
Decorative Plating
Plating for Protection
Special Surface Effects
Engineering Applications
Electroforming
5. Electroplating
THE SUBSTRATE IN ELECTROPLATING
Preparation of the Substrate
Cleaning
Rinsing
Acid Dipping
Drag-Out and Drag-In
Special Preparation Cycles
Aluminium and Magnesium
Zinc-Base Die Castings
Refractory Metals
Other Metals
Nonconductors
The Electroplating Process
Continuous Plating
Materials of Construction
Economics
Safety
Waste Disposal and Metal Recovery
Plating Solutions
Current Density Range
Throwing Power
Acidity
Anodes
Temperature
Purity
Bright Plating
Maintenance of Plating Baths
Individual Plating Baths
6. Electroplating plant
Plant Requirements
Buildings
Supporting the Work to be Plated
Tanks
Filtration
Air Agitation
Water Supply
Heaters
Maintenance of the Solution
Effluent
Electroplating Plant
7. Electroplating of aluminium
Surface Roughening
Anodising
Zincating
Note :
Alstan Process
Plating Process
Silver-Tin Plating
Alstan Process
8. Electroplating of cadmium
The Solution
Additions to the Solution
Anodes
Thickness of Deposit
Operating Conditions
Anti-Corrosion Properties of Cadmium
Nickel on Cadmium
Heat Treatment of Cadmium Deposits
Cadmium and Food Stuffs
Bright Cadmium Plating
Applications of the Cadmium-Plating
9. Electroplating of chromium
The Electrolyte
Chromium Plating Process
Regeneration of Chrome Plating Solutions
Coloured Chromium Plating
Chromium Plating on Aluminium
10. Electroplating of cobalt
Principles
Functions of Constituents of Bath
Operating Conditions
Maintenance and Controls
Preparation of Basis Metals and Finishing of Deposits
Tests of Deposits
11. Electroplating of copper
Copper Sulphate Plating Bath
Operating Condition
Bright Plating
Cyanide Bath
Composition
Sodium Formulation
Operating Condition
Potassium Formulations
12. Electroplating of gold
Stripping Gold
Gold Baths
Bath for Gold Gilding
Current-Density, 0.15 Ampere
Gold Baths For Hot Gilding
Tanks for Gold Baths
Execution of Gold-Plating
For Gold-Plating in The Cold Bath the Process
is as Follows :
Re-Gilding
Application of Gold-Deposition
Gold Thread
Process
Gold Plating of Stainless Steel Ornament
Methods of Plating Stainless Steel
Plating Procedures
13. Electroplating of iron
Principles
The Iron Chloride Bath
The Iron Sulphate Bath
The Fluoborate Bath
14. Electroplating of lead
Analysis of Lead Solution
Free Acid
Applications of Lead Plating
15. Electroplating of nickel
Types of Ni Solutions
Engineering Application
Ni And Ur Plating Butterworths
Electroplating Baths used
Watts Nickel Bath
Hard Watts Bath
Nickel Sulphate Bath
Nickel Sulphonate Bath
Nickel Fluoborate Bath
Barrel Nickel Plating
Black Nickel :
Black Ni Plating Processes
Types of Nickel Plating Solutions Used
16. Electroplating of bright nickel
Carriers
Nickel Electroplating Brighteners
17. Electroplating of silver
Silver (Atomic weight=107.88) and Its Properties :
Silver Bath for a Heavy Deposit of Silver (Silvering by Weight):
Preparation of Bath I, With Silver Chloride
Preparation of Bath II with Silver Cyanide
Silver Bath for Ordinary Electroplating
Tanks for Silver Baths
Execution of Silver-Plating
Silver Plating by Weight
Bright Silver Plating
Source of Brightening in Carbon Disulphide Electrolytes
18. Electroplating of alloy
Electrodeposition of Zinc-Iron Alloy
Lead-Tin Plating
Speculum Plating
Gold Alloy Plating
Bright Alloy Plating
Ni-Alloy Plating
Bronze Plating
Copper Solution
19. Electroplating of platinum
(1) Keital and Zschiegner Process
(2) Powell and Scott Process
Conditions of Operation
Maintenance of Electrolyte
20. Electroplating of palladium
(A) Soluble Anode Process
Condition of Operation
Properties of the Deposit
(B) Diaphragm Process
Condition of Operation
21. Electroplating of rhodium
Predeposition
Palladium Plating
Solution Agitation
Raw material used for Palladium Plating
Equipment
Rhodium Plating
Tank
Tank Installation
Solution Heating
Rectifier
Rectifier Control
Current Control
Temperature Control
Making of Rhodium Plating Bath
Rhodium
Method A—Colorimetric
Discussion of the Method
Method B
Discussion of the Method
Method C—Hydrazine Reduction
Discussion of the Method
Sulphate
Applications of the Precious Metals
22. Electroplating of bright zinc
Bright Zinc-plating Processes
Chemical Control
Electrolytic Impurities
Anodes
Advantages of Bright Zinc Plating
23. Electroplating of tin
INTRODUCTION
24. Electroplating of plastics
The Plating of Plastics and Non-metallic Materials
1. Polishing with Plumbago
2. Metallising with Copper Bronze Powder
3. Metallisation by Molten Metal Spraying
4. Metal Surfacing of Ceramics by “Firing”
5. Vacuum Evaporation and Electrical Sputtering
6. Silver Mirror Process as Applied to Plastics
Removal of Glaze
Cleaning
“Sensitising”—The next step is to
Silvering
Coppering
Silver Recovery
25. Electroplating of barrel
Barrel Nickel-Plating
Barrel Coppering
Brass Barrelling
Barrel Cadmium
Barrel Zinc
Barrel Silver
Electro-Galvanising Tray
Barrel Polishing
Barrel Tin
Applications
26. Zinc electroplating brightener
Uses and Applications
Properties of the Brightener
Formulations
Operating Conditions
Temperature
Current Efficiencies
Throwing Power
Conductivity and polarization
Manufacturing Process
Formulation
27. Colouring of metals
1. Direct Coloration of Iron and Steel by Cupric Selenite :
2. Coloration of Copper and Brass with Cupric Selenite :
Metal Browning by Oxidation
Copper Colouring
(a) Blacking Copper
(b) Red Colour to Copper
Coloring of Brass
Brass Colouring
Coloring Brass
Bronzing
Art Bronzes :
Antique Bronzes
Vert Antique
Brass Bronzing
Copper Bronzing
Bronzing of Cast Iron
Liquid for Bronze Powder
Bronzing of Cannon
Green Bronzing
Bronzing of Steel
Tin Bronzing
Zinc Bronzing
28. Metal treatments
Mechanical Treatments
Workability Testing
Plastic Deformation
Hot Working
Cold working
Primary Forming Processes
Secondary Forming Processes
Thermal Treatments
Annealing
Heat Treatment of Steel
Homogenization
Thermo mechanical Processing
Recent Development and Outlook
Powder Metallurgy of Superalloys
29. Electrodeposition of precious metals
Physical Properties
30. Electropolishing of stainless steel
Application
Baths
Experimental
Bath Composition
Hull Cell Studies
Rates of Dissolution
Effect of Polishing Time
Life of the Bath
Practice of Electropolishing
(i) Sequence of Operations
(iii) Electropolishing
(iv) Treatments After Electropolishing
(v) Equipment for Electropolishing
(vi) Technical and Economic Aspects
Applications of Electropolishing
1. Decorative Finishing
2. Polishing of Parts Exposed to Friction
3. Electropolishing Cutting Tools
Drills and Taps
Wood Working Tools
Solutions Employed
4. Polishing of Measuring Instruments
31. Case hardening
Processes
Carburizing
Gas
Liquid
Pack
Carbonitriding
Gas
Cyaniding
Nitriding
Gas
Liquid
Microcasing
Ionitriding
Siliconizing
Boronizing
Tufftriding
Triniding
Applied Energy
Induction Hardening
Flame Hardening
Other
Hardening
32. Electroless coating of gold, silver
Methods for Mirroring
Electroless Process
Equipment
Silver Colouring for Mirror (Silver Coating)
Formulation-1
Preparation
Formulation-2
Preparation
Process of Manufacture
1. Selection of glass sheet
2. Cleaning of glass sheet
3. Sensitizing
4. Silvering on glass
Plating Procedure
Silvering of Glass
Chemical Silvering
To prepare the bath
Cleaning
Gold Colouring for Mirror (Gold Coating)
Formulations for Electroless Gold Bath
Manufacturing Process for Gold Plating
Blue Silvering on Glass with Copper Coating
Formulation of Blue Silvering on Mirror
Manufacturing Process
Copper Coating
Plating Bath Formulation
Bath Constituents
The Operation of Electroless Copper Baths
Red Mirror by Electroless Dipping Method
Electroless Copper Plating of Plain Glass to Manufacture Red Mirror
Manufacture Process of Red Mirror
Test for Electroless Plated Red Mirror Adhesion
Baking Test
Burnishing Test
Test for Continuity &