Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Electricity Sources
1.1.1. Connection to Generator Plants
1.1.2. Onboard Generators and Hybrid EVS
1.1.3. Onboard Storage
1.2. Lithium-Ion Battery
1.3. Electric Motor
1.4. Vehicle Types
1.4.1. Ground Vehicles
1.4.2. Pure-Electric Vehicles
1.4.3. Hybrid EVs
1.4.4. Plug-In Electric Vehicle
1.4.5. Range-Extended Electric Vehicle
1.4.6. On-and Off-Road EVS
1.4.7. Rail Borne EVs
1.4.8. Airborne EVs
1.4.9. Seaborne EVs
1.5. Electrically Powered Spacecraft
1.6. Energy and Motors
1.7. Properties
1.7.1. Components
1.7.2. Energy Sources
1.7.3. Batteries
1.7.4. Efficiency
1.8. Charging
1.8.1. Grid Capacity
1.8.2. Charging Stations
1.8.3. Battery Swapping
1.8.4. Dynamic Charging
1.9. Other in-Development Technologies
1.9.1. Safety
1.9.2. Environmental
1.9.3. Socio-Economic
1.9.4. Mechanical
1.9.5. Energy Resilience
1.9.6. Energy Efficiency
1.9.7. Total Cost
1.9.8. Range
1.9.9. Heating of EVs
1.9.10. Electric Public Transit Efficiency
1.9.11. Polluter Pays Principle
1.10. Costs and Emissions
1.10.1. Electricity Costs
1.10.2. End of Life
1.10.3. CO2 Emissions
1.10.4. Emissions
1.11. Formula-e
1.12. Future
1.12.1. Environmental Considerations
1.12.2. Improved Batteries
1.12.3. Electric Trucks
1.12.4. Hydrogen Trains
1.12.5. Infrastructure Management
1.12.6. Stabilization of the Grid
2. E-Vehicle Business Ideas and Opportunities
3. Future of Electric Vehicles is Bright
3.1. Experts Predicting Strong Sales Growth
3.1.1. Reason #1: Battery Costs are Dropping Fast
3.1.2. Reason #2: Longer Range, Affordable Electric
Cars are Coming
3.1.3. Reason #3: More Charging Stations are Coming
3.1.4. Reason #4: Auto Industry is Embracing EVS
3.1.5. Reason #5: The Global Imperative to Cut Carbon
Pollution and Oil Dependency
4. How to Start E-Vehicle Manufacturing Business
4.1. EV Market
4.2. Business Opportunities in Electric Vehicles Sector
4.3. Battery Recycling Business
4.4. Battery Swapping Technology
4.5. Solar Electric Vehicle Charging
4.6. Home Charging Stations
4.7. EV Equipment Manufacturing
4.8. Battery Manufacturing Business
4.9. Fabrication Electric Vehicle Charger
4.10. Solar Energy Powered Electric Vehicle Charger
5. Electric Vehicle Market Outlook
5.1. Global Progress and Forecast
5.2. EVs in Regional Markets
5.2.1. Europe
5.2.2. China
5.2.3. United States
5.2.4. Rest of the World
5.3. Four Factors Driving Growth
5.3.1. Factor 1 – Changing Consumer Sentiment
5.3.2. Factor 2 – Policy and Legislation
5.4. Fuel Economy and Emission Targets
5.5. City Access Restrictions
5.6. Financial Incentives
5.6.1. Factor 3 – OEM Vehicle Strategy
5.7. Availability of Models
5.8. Affordability of Models
5.8.1. Factor 4 – The Role of Corporate Companies
5.9. Part 2: New landscape, New Approach
5.10. Segmenting the Market
6. Electric Vehicle Technology
6.1. Electric Vehicle Layouts
6.1.1. Identifying Electric Vehicles
6.1.2. Single Motor
6.1.3. Wheel Motors
6.2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Layouts
6.2.1. Introduction
6.2.2. Classifications
6.2.3. Operation
6.2.4. Configurations
6.2.5. Hybrid with a 48-V System
6.2.6. Hybrid Control Systems
6.3. Cables and Components
6.3.1. High-Voltage Cables
6.3.2. Components
6.3.3. ECE-R100
6.3.4. Other Systems
7. Electric Car
7.1. Types
7.2. Benefits
7.3. Downsides
7.4. Automatic
7.5. Usage of Batteries
7.6. Safety
7.7. Better for the Environment
7.8. Environmental Aspects
7.9. Public Opinion
7.10.Performance
7.10.1. Acceleration and Drivetrain Design
7.10.2. Electric Cars Cost
7.10.3. Charging Costs
7.10.4. Cost Per Mile
7.10.5. The Sums
8. How Electric Cars Work?
8.1. Components
9. Construction of Electric Car
9.1. Electric Car Safety
10. E-Car Manufacturing
10.1. Components
10.2. Raw Materials
10.3. Design
10.4. The Manufacturing Process
10.4.1. Body Shop
10.4.2. General Assembly
10.4.3. Quality Control
10.4.4. Byproducts/Waste
10.5. The Future
11. E-Car Assembly Line
11.1. Application...............................................................
11.2. Production Process
12. Electric Bicycle
12.1. Classes
12.2. Pedal-Assist Only
12.3. Pedelecs
12.4. S-Pedelecs
12.5. Power-on-Demand and Pedal-Assist
12.6. Power-on-Demand only
12.7. Technical
12.7.1. Motors and Drivetrains
12.8. Batteries
12.9. Design Variations
12.10. Folding E-Bikes
12.11. Health Effects
12.12. Environmental Effects
12.13. Advantages of E-Bike- How it Differs from other Bikes
12.13.1. Eco-Friendliness
12.13.2. Health and Keeping Active
12.13.3. Speed
12.13.4. Battery Range
12.13.5. Climbing
13. E-Bicycle Parts
14. How E-Bikes Work?
14.1. Pros and Cons
14.2. Growth Prospects
14.3. Worth Money
14.3.1. Speed
14.3.2. Appearance and Motor
14.3.3. Experience in Riding
14.3.4. Longer Distances
14.4. Ebikes vs Regular Bikes: What’s the Difference?
14.4.1. Appearance and Mechanics
14.4.2. Maintenance and Repairs
14.4.3. Riding Experience
14.4.4. Speed
14.4.5. Rules and Regulations
14.5. Objective
14.6. Limitations
14.7. Theory
14.7.1. Power Calculation
14.7.2. Motor
14.7.3. Motor Controlling
14.7.4. MOSFET transistor
14.7.5. Half-Bridge
14.7.6. NAND-gate
14.7.7. PWM
14.8. Arduino
14.9. Three-Phase Gate Driver
14.10. Bootstrap Operation
14.11. Experimental Details
14.11.1. Planning Process/Design
14.11.2. Electronic assembly
14.11.3. Programming
14.12. PWM
14.13. Results
14.13.1. Power Calculation
14.13.2. Subsystems
14.14. Assembled System
14.15. Discussion
14.15.1. MOSFET vs IGBT
14.15.2. Wheel and Motor
14.15.3. Components
14.15.4. Testing of the System
15. Hybrid Electric Car Plug-In Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (PHEVs)
15.1. Powered by Electric Motor and Combustion Engine
15.2. Help from an Electric Motor
15.3. Regenerative Braking
15.4. Fuel Cell for Electric Vehicle
15.5. Fueling and Driving Options
15.6. Fuel-Efficient System Design
15.7. Key Components of a Hybrid Electric Car
16. Electric Scooter
16.1. Popularity
16.2. Benefits of E-Scooter Use
16.2.1. A Reduction in Carbon Emissions
16.3. Cheaper and More Accessible Travel
16.3.1. Reduced Congestion in Cities
16.4. Power Source
16.4.1. Charging
16.4.2. Battery Swapping
16.4.3. Hybrid
16.4.4. Fuel Cell
16.5. Safety
17. Electric Scooter Parts
17.1. Batteries
17.2. Types of Batteries
17.2.1. Lithium Ion
17.2.2. Lithium Manganese (INR, NMC)
17.2.3. Lead-Acid
17.3. Battery Life
17.4. Brakes
17.4.1. Types of Brakes
17.4.2. Disc Brakes
17.4.3. Hydraulic Disc Brakes
17.4.3. Drum Brakes
17.5. How Do Drum Brakes Work?
17.5.1. Foot Brakes
17.5.2. Regenerative Brakes
17.5.3. Electronic Brakes
17.6. Controller
17.7. Deck
17.8. Handlebars
17.9. Lights
17.10.Motor
17.11. Motor Types
17.11.1. Brushless DC Motors
17.11.2. Brushed DC Motors
17.12. Stem
17.13. Tires
18. Electric Hybrid Vehicle (E- Scooter)
18.1. Basic Design of HEV
18.2. Advantages
18.3. Objectives
18.4. CAD Model of HEV
18.5. Block Diagram of HEV
18.6. Working of HEV
19. How Do Electric Scooters Work
19.1. Electric Scooter Components
19.2. Electric Scooter Work
19.3. Electric Scooter Motors Work
19.4. Electric Scooters Batteries Work
19.5. Controllers
19.6. Brakes
19.7. Wheels
19.8. Suspension
19.9. Screen and Controls
19.10 Deck
19.11. Handlebars
19.12. Lights
19.13. Optional Scooter Parts
19.14. Seats
19.15. Baskets or Trunks
19.16. How do Electric Scooters Get Charged?
19.17. Are Electric Scooters Foldable?
19.18. What are Electric Scooters made of?
19.19. How to Perform Electric Scooter Maintenance?
20. Design and Development of
Electric Scooter
20.1. Introduction
20.2. System Development
20.2.1. The Key Components in Electric Scooter
20.3. Battery Charger
20.4. Battery
20.4.1. Battery Management Systems
20.5. Motor Controller
20.6. BLDC Hub Motor
20.7. DC-DC Controller
20.8. Performance Analysis
20.8.1. Hub Motor Calculation
20.8.2. Rolling Resistance
20.8.3. Gradient Resistance
20.8.4. Aerodynamic Drag
20.8.5. Battery Calculation
20.8.6. System Operation
21. Electric Two Wheeler & Its Manufacturing
21.1. Need of Electric and Hybrid Two Wheelers
21.2. Working Principle
21.3. Principal
21.3.1. Battery
21.3.2. Battery Up Gradation
23.4. Alternator
23.4.1. Wiring Harness
23.4.2. Controllers
23.5. Production Line
22. E-Scooter Environmental Impacts
22.1. Impact Estimation Methodology
23. E-Bicycle Assembly Production Line
23.1. Cycle Nipple Machine
23.2. Tyre Mounting Console
23.2.1. Benefits
23.3. Truing Machine Obelisk E Bike Wheels
23.4. Lacing Machine E Bike Wheels
23.5. Brake-Test Machine
24. Electric Rickshaw
24.1. Types
24.1. Load Carriers
24.2. Solar
24.2.1. Features
24.3. Evolution of business
24.4. Benefits
24.4.1. Low Maintenance
24.4.2. Suitable for Connectivity
24.4.3. Opportunities for Employment Creation
24.5. Advantages
24.5.1. E-Rickshaws Contribute to Zero Contamination
24.5.2. A Better and Affordable Maintenance
24.5.3. A Low Running Expense
24.5.4. Smoother and Prominent Turning Sweep
24.5.5. Earning High Wages through Less Consumption
24.6. Design and Construction
24.7. How Electric–Rickshaw Works
24.8. Spare Parts
24.8.1. Controller
24.8.2. Axle
24.8.3. Motor
24.8.4. Battery
24.8.5. Rim
25. Hybrid Solar E-Rickshaw
25.1. Solar Hybrid E-Rickshaw
25.2. Methodology
25.3. Technical Specifications
25.4. Solar E-rickshaw with Heterogeneous Battery Packs
26. E-Rickshaws Manufacturing
26.1. Procedure
26.2. Wheel and Vehicle Body
26.2.1. Body
26.2.2. Wheel
26.2.3. Gear Box
26.2.4. DC Motor
26.2.5. Thermal Port
26.2.6. Thermal Sensor
26.2.7. DC Motor with Controller
26.2.8. H-Bridge
26.3. Controlled PWM Voltage
26.3.1. Controlled Voltage Source
26.3.2. Electrical Reference
26.3.3. Current Sensor
26.4. Battery System and SOC
26.4.1. Controller
26.4.2. PID Controller
26.4.3. Manufacturing Process
27. Electric Vehicle Testing
27.1. Benefits
27.2. Factors
27.3. Testing and Certifying Electric Vehicles
28. How to get E Rickshaw Approved from ICAT
29. Electric Rickshaw Charging Stations
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Objective
29.2.1. Electric Rickshaw and Relevant Issues
29.2.2. Renewable Energy
29.2.3. Rationale
29.3. Technology
29.3.1. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
for Integrating Renewable Energy
(RE) Sources
29.3.2. Community Energy Storage (CES)
29.3.3. Battery Swapping Station (BSS)
29.3.4. Micro Grid and Smart Energy Systems
29.3.5. Potential Application of Existing Technologies for EVs/E-Rickshaws
29.4. Approach
29.4.1. Formulation
29.4.2. Simulation Software
29.4.3. Defining System Demands
29.4.4. Solar Resource
29.4.5. System Components and Costs
29.5. Key Assumptions
29.5.1. Battery DOD and Capacity Selection
29.5.2. Local Grid
29.5.3. Control Logic of Grid-Connected Solar PV
29.5.4. Operational Strategy and Control Logic
of CBESS
29.5.5. Economic Assumptions
29.6. Results
29.6.1. Solar PV Integration
29.6.2. An Opportunity for Reducing Battery Disposal
29.6.3. An Opportunity for Creating a Sustainable and Circular Value Chain for E-Rickshaw Batteries
29.6.4. Economies of Scale
29.6.5. Microgrid and Smart Snergy Systems in
Rural Areas
29.6.6. Implementation Pathway and
Business Opportunities
29.6.7. Challenges and Outlook
30. List of Approved E-Rickshaw Models
As Per GSR 709 (E) and SO 2590(E)
31. Electric Bus
31.1. Range
31.2. Electric Buses Charge
31.3. Battery Electric Buses More Popular
31.4. Electric Buses Cheaper
31.5. Principles
31.5.1. Battery
31.6. Electric Bus Work
31.7. Benefits
31.7.1. Eco-Friendliness
31.7.2. Quiet Operation
31.7.3. Minimal Maintenance
31.7.4. Affordability
31.8. Invented
31.9. Carbon Footprint
31.10. Use Electricity
31.11. Use of Batteries
31.12. How Far Electric Bus Go
31.13. Type of Charging Station
31.14. Long Take to Charge
31.15. Life Expectancy
31.16. Healthier
31.17. Not More Common
32. Manufacturing Process of E-Bus
32.1. Making Pre-Manufactured Components
32.2. Making the Chassis
32.3. Making the Body
32.4. Assembling
32.5. Quality Control
32.6. The Future
33. E-Bus and E-Truck Manufacturing
33.1. Automotive Seat Manufacturing Line
33.2. Welding Lines for Automotive Component
33.2.1. Automatic Part Welding Line
33.2.2. Associate Operators
33.2.3. Chain Management
33.2.4. Assemble System and Instruction
33.3. Truck Welding Line
33.4. Bus and Coach Welding Line
33.4.1. Standard Equipment on the Bus
Manufacturing Line
33.5. Engines and Transmission Assembly Line
33.6. Automotive Paint Shop
33.6.1. Plan
33.6.2. Chain management
33.6.3. Assemble System and Instruction
33.7. Automotive Assembly Line
33.7.1. Plan
33.7.2. Chain Management
33.7.3. Assemble System and Instruction
33.7.4. Conveyor System
33.8. Truck Manufacturing Assembly Line
33.8.1. Chassis Line
33.9. Cab Trim Line
33.9.1. Final Assembly Line
33.9.2. Features
33.9.3. Task
33.10. Bus Assembly Line
33.11. Automotive Testing and Inspection Line
33.11.1. Plan
33.11.2. Chain Management
33.11.3. Assemble System and Instruction
33.11.4. Vehicle Testing Pickup Truck Inspection
Line / Truck Production Testing Line / Bus Testing Line
34. Batteries
34.1. Battery Range
34.2. Battery Life and Recycling
34.3. Types of Battery
34.3.1. Lead–Acid Batteries (Pb–Pb02)
34.3.2. Alkaline (Ni–Cad, Ni–Fe and Ni–MH)
34.3.3. Sodium–Nickel Chloride (Na–NiCl2)
34.3.4. Sodium–Sulphur (Na–S)
34.3.5. Lithium-Ion (Li-ion)
34.3.6. Fuel Cells
34.3.7. Super-Capacitors
34.3.8. Flywheels
35. Battery Assembly Line
35.1. Uses of Making Battery Pack
35.1.1. Lithium Battery Automatic Highland Barley
Paper Pasting Machine
35.1.2. Lithium Battery Sorting Machine
35.1.3. Lithium Battery Spot Welding Machine
35.1.4. Battery Pack Comprehensive Tester
35.1.5. Battery Pack Aging Machine
36. BIS Specifications
37. ISO Standards
38. EV Standards in China
39. British Standards (BS)
40. Approval for E Vehicle
40.1. To Get ARAI Approval
40.2. Importance for EVs
40.3. Standards and Regulations
40.4. Type of Approval Testing Under CMVR
40.4.1. Category and Type of Approval Required
for EVs
40.4.2. Government Regulation Framework
for Electric Vehicles
40.4.3. For L Category Vehicles, AIS156 (in line
with UN R136) covers the following points
40.4.4. Type Approval
40.4.5. Type Approval requirements are
broadly segregated for
40.4.6. Contact Details
41. Authorizations Required For Setting up of
EVS/ Battery Manufacturing Unit
41.1. Land Acquisition and Manufacturing Unit Placement
41.2. E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules
("E-waste Rules")
41.3. Battery (Management and Handling) Rules
("Battery Management Rules")
41.4. Workplace Regulations
41.4.1. Factories Act of 1948 ("Factories Act")
41.4.2. Employees' State Insurance Act
41.5. Manufacturing EVs and EV Batteries Standards
and Criteria
41.5.1. A general framework for EV and EV Battery Standards and Specifications
41.5.2. Process of Testing and Certifications
41.5.3. Testing Agencies and Applicable Standards
41.6. Conclusion
42. E-Vehicle Parts
DC Motors
Electric DC Motor
Induction Motors
Traction Batteries
EV Traction Motor
Inverter ARC Welding Machine
Motor Controller
E Rickshaw Motor
43. E-Motorcycle Assembly Line
43.1. Assembly Line for Motorcycle Battery
43.1.1. Automatic Short Circuit Testing M/C KV-20M(R)
43.1.2. Automatic Electric Welding M/C KS-3AM(R)-A
43.1.3. Automatic Weld Condition Checking M/C KVD-10AM(R)
43.1.4. Automatic Heat Sealing M/C KH-3AM
43.1.5. Automatic Air Leak Testing/Coding M/C KAC-20AM(2R)
43.1.6. Automatic Aluminum Foil Sealing M/C KAH-30M(2S)
44. Photographs of Plant and Machinery with
Suppliers Contact Details
Motorcycle Assembly Conveyor Machine
Car Battery Welding Machine
Automatic Pole Burning Machine
Battery Heat Sealing Machine
Cycle Rim Nipple Tightening and
Spoke Positioning Machine
Tyre Mounting
CO2 Welding Machine
CO2 Welding Machine
High Voltage Tester VHT
Automatic High Voltage Tester AC/DC
LED Display Manufacturing Machine
LED Panel Bonding Machine
Truck, Bus Tyre Uniformity Test Machine
Tyre Changer
Automatic Battery Assembling Plant
45. Layout, Process Flow Chart & Diagrams
46. Associations
47. Electric Vehicle Oem & Equipment Manufacturers Directory
