1. Introduction
1.1 Components
1.1.1 Vehicle
1.1.2 Binder or Film Former
1.1.3 Diluent or Solvent or Thinner
1.2 Pigment, Dye and Filler
1.3 Additives
1.4 Color Changing
1.5 Art
1.6 Application
1.7 Product Variants
1.8 Finish Types
1.9 Failure
1.9.1 Dilution
1.9.2 Contamination
1.9.3 Peeling/Blistering
1.9.4 Chalking
1.9.5 Cracking
1.9.6 Erosion
1.10 Types of Paint
1.10.1 Oil Paint
1.10.2 Emulsion Paint
1.10.3 Enamel Paint
1.10.4 Bituminous Paint
1.10.5 Aluminium Paint
1.10.6 Anti-Corrosive Paint
1.10.7 Synthetic Rubber Paint
1.10.8 Cement Paint
1.10.9 Speciality Home Paints: Lasts Long, Protects Longer
1.11 Properties
1.11.1 Wear Ability
1.11.2 Covering Ability
1.11.3 Ease of Cleaning
1.11.4 Environmentally Friendly
1.11.5 Aesthetic
1.11.6 Practical and Cost Effective
1.12 Paint Compositions and Their Functions in Paints
1.12.1 Pigments
1.13 Prime Pigments
1.13.1 Extender Pigments
1.14 Inorganic Pigments in Pictures
1.15 Organic Pigments in Pictures
1.15.1 Binders
1.15.2 Linseed Oil
1.16 Tips & Techniques
1.16.1 Safflower Oil
1.16.2 Acrylic Resin Dispersion
1.16.3 Gum Arabic
1.16.4 Kaolin
1.16.5 Waxes
1.16.6 Dextrin
1.16.7 Schellac
1.16.8 Alkyd Resin
1.16.9 Alkyd Polymers (Resins)
1.16.10 Epoxy Polymers (Resins)
1.16.11 Liquid Metal Paint
1.17 Types of Liquid Metal Paint
1.17.1 Liquid Epoxy Coating
1.17.2 Polyurethane Coating
1.17.3 Polyaspartic Coating
1.18 Common Uses of Liquid Metal Paint
1.19 Additives
1.19.1. Environmental Issues Determine the Development
Trend of Coatings
1.19.2 Additive Types and Effects
2. Paint Production Process
2.1 Raw Materials
2.2 Laboratory
2.3 Weighing the Raw Materials
2.4 Dispersion
2.5 Pre-Mixing
2.6 Grinding the Pigments
2.7 Fineness Inspection
2.8 Colour Inspection
2.9 Stability Inspection
2.10 Filling
3. How to Start a Painting Business?
3.1 Steps
3.1.1 Step 1: The Fundamentals
3.1.2 Step 2: Sign Up for a Business Name
3.1.3 Step 3: Choose the Best Painting Services and
Desired Target Market
3.1.4 Step 4: Register Business and Purchase Insurance
3.1.5 Step 5: Purchase Essential Painting Materials
3.1.6 Step 6: Establish a Business Bank Account
3.1.7 Step 7: Hire Painters
3.1.8 Step 8: A Marketing Strategy for Painting Company
4. Oils Used in Paints and Varnishes
4.1 Drying Oils
4.1.1 Linseed Oil
4.1.2 Boiled Oil from Linseed Oil
4.1.3 Blown Oil from Linseed Oil
4.1.4 Stand Oil from Linseed Oil
4.1.5 Perilla Oil
4.2 Conjugated Oils
4.2.1 Tung Oil
4.2.2 Oiticica Oil
4.2.3 Kamla Seed Oil
4.2.4 Dehydrated Castor Oil or D.C.O.
4.3 Semi Drying Oils
4.3.1 Soyabean Oil
4.3.2 Safflower Oil
4.3.3 Tobacco Seed Oil
4.3.4 Sunflower Oil
4.3.5 Cotton Seed Oil
4.3.6 Fish Oil
4.4 Non-Drying Oils
4.4.1 Castor Oil
4.4.2 Coconut Oil
4.5 Derivatives of Drying Oils
4.5.1 Maleic Treated oil
4.5.2 Styrenated Oils
4.5.3 Exttraction of Oil
4.6 Refining of Oils
4.6.1 Mechanical Refining
4.6.2 Acid Refining
4.6.3 Alkali Refining
5. Solvents
5.1 Hydrocarbons
5.1.1 White Spirits
5.1.2 Toluene (C6H5CH3)
5.1.3 Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2)
5.1.4 Benzene (C6H6)
5.1.5 Water White Kerosene
5.2 Ketones
5.2.1 Acetone (CH3.CO.CH3)
5.2.2 Methyl Ethyl Ketone (CH3-C-CH2-CH3)
5.2.3 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (M.I.B.K.)
[CH3COCH2CH (CH3)2]
5.2.4 Di-isobutyl Ketone
5.3 Esters
5.3.1 Ethyl Acetate (CH3COOC2H5)
5.3.2 Amyl Acetae (CH3-C-O-CH2CH2CH2CH3)
5.3.3 Butyl Acetate (CH3COOC4H9)
5.3.4 Propy Acetate (CH3-C-O-CH2-CH2-CH3)
5.4 Glycol Ethers
5.4.1 Methyl Cellosolve (CH3-O-CH2-CH2-OH)
5.4.2 Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
(CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-OH) or Celloslve
5.4.3 Carbitol: Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
(CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-OH)
5.5 Alcohols
5.5.1 Ethyl Alcohol (CH3-CH2-OH)
5.5.2 Isopropyl Alcohol (CH3-CH-CH3)
5.5.3 Butyl Alcohol (C4H9OH)
5.6 Terpenes
5.6.1 Turpentine
5.6.2 Dipentene
5.6.3 Pine Oil
6. Plasticizers
6.1 General Properties of Plasticizers
6.1.1 Di-(2 Ethyl Hexyl) Phthalate
6.1.2 Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
6.1.3 Tricresyl Phosphate
6.1.4 Triphenyl Phosphate
6.1.5 Butyl Stearate
7. Additives in Surface Coatings
7.1 Some important Additives
7.2 Driers
7.3 Wetting and Dispersing Agents
7.4 Anti Skinning Agents
7.5 Anti Settling Agents
7.6 Antifloating and Antiflooding Agents
7.7 Levelling and Flow Control Agents
7.8 Defoaming Agents
7.9 Preservative and Fungicides
8. Formulary with Processes of Distempers, Whitewash,
Putties & Emulsion
8.1 White Distemper
8.2 Sky Blue Distemper
8.3 Yellow Distemper
8.4 Method of Preparation
8.5 White Wash
8.6 Putties (U.S. Patent 2,346, 408)
8.7 Preventing Putty Sticking to Hands
8.8 Alberene Stone Filler or Cement
8.9 Non-Freezing Putty (Dutch Patent 67, 940)
8.10 Modified Putty
8.11 Emulsion Paints
9. Formulations
9.1 Enamels
9.1.1 Transparent Enamel
9.1.2 To Prepare Enamels in Different Colours
9.2 Floor Paints
9.3 Luminous Paints
9.4 Paint for Structural Steel
9.5 Window Paint (Temporary)
9.6 Luminous Artists Oil Colours
9.7 Latex Semi-Gloss White Paint
9.8 Asbestos Paints
9.9 Mica Lustre Paint
9.10 Fire Resistant Coating
9.11 To Clean Paint Brushes
9.12 Water Emulsion Paints for Exterior Use
9.13 Lacquers
9.13.1 Wood Lacquer
9.13.2 Metal Lacquer
10. Lacquers
10.1 Cellulose Products
10.2 Ethyl Cellulose
10.3 Lacquer Manufacture
10.4 Merits of Cellulose Lacquers
10.5 Aeroplane Lacquer
10.6 Book Lacque
10.7 Varnishes
10.8 Different kinds of Varnishes
10.9 Oil Varnish
10.10 Turpentine Varnish
10.11 Spirit Varnish
10.12 Water Varnish
10.13 Oil Varnishes
10.13.1 Resins
10.13.2 Drying Oils
10.13.3 Dryer
10.13.4 Thinners
10.14 Preparation of Oil Varnishes
10.15 Gum Running
10.16 Addition of Drying Oils
10.17 Thinning
10.18 Maturing
10.19 Different kinds of Oil Varnishes
10.20 Exterior Varnish
10.21 Interior Decorators Varnish
10.22 Rubbing Varnish
10.23 Polishing Varnish
10.24 Flat Varnish
10.25 Gold Size
10.26 Black Varnish
10.27 Formulas of Oil Varnishes
10.28 Spirit Varnish or Lacquer
10.29 Resins
10.30 Solvents
10.31 Plasticizers
10.32 Alcohol Varnish
10.33 Turpentine Varnishes
10.34 French Varnish
10.35 Varnish prepared from Synthetic Resins
10.36 Spar Varnish
10.37 Process
11. Paint Manufacturing Different Types of Paints
and Various Formulations
11.1 Premixing
11.2 Commonly Used Machines for Pre-Mixing
11.3 Precautions Taken during Premixing Operation
11.4 Grinding Operation
11.5 Precaution Taken
11.6 Thinning
11.7 Precaution
11.8 Tinting Operation
11.9 Precautions Taken
11.10 Refining
11.11 Filling
11.12 Labelling and Packing
11.13 Oil Based Paints
11.14 Typical Formulations
11.15 Modern Gloss Finishes
11.16 Heat Resisting Paints
11.17 Flame Retardant Paints
11.18 Plastic Paints
11.19 Floor Paints
11.20 Types of Floor Paints
11.21 Primary Requirements for Floor Paints
11.22 Flat Paints
11.23 Flat Oil Paint
11.24 Aluminium Paint
11.25 Wrinkle Finishes
11.26 Hammer Finishes
11.27 Marine Coatings
11.27.1 Introduction
11.28 Ship Paints
11.29 Hull Paints
11.30 Top Sides Finish
11.31 Boot Topping Paints
11.32 Marine Paint to Resist Sea Water
11.33 Antifouling Paints
11.34 Anti-Corrosive Paints
11.35 Road Marking Paints
11.36 Chemical Resistant Coatings
11.37 Synthetic Enamel Paints
11.38 Bituminous Coatings
11.39 High solids Finishes
11.40 Curing Agent
11.41 Graphite and Graphite Paints
11.42 Graphite Paints
12. Primers
12.1 Primer for Metals
12.2 Types of Primers
12.2.1 Blast Primers
12.3 Metallic Zinc Primers
12.4 Red Oxide/Zinc Chrome Primers
12.5 Lead Based Primer
12.6 Wash Primer
12.7 Reactions
12.8 Primers for Wood
12.9 Leadless Primers
12.10 Aluminium Primer
12.11 Emulsion Primers
12.12 Wall Primers & Sealers
13. Powder Coatings
13.1 Thermoplastic Coatings
13.2 PVC Coatings
13.3 Polyamides
13.4 Polyethylene
13.5 Cellulose Esters
13.6 Polyesters
13.7 Thermosetting Coating Powders
13.8 Epoxy Powder Coatings
13.9 Polyurethane
13.10 Acrylic Resins
13.11 Formulation of Powder Coatings
13.12 Manufacturing Process
13.13 Ingredients Required
13.13.1 Melt Mixing Process
13.14 Application Method
13.15 Fluidized Bed Coating
13.16 Electrosatic Fludized Bed Coatings
13.17 Electrostatic Spray Coating
13.18 Flame Spraying
13.19 Test Methods
13.20 Future Trend
14. Pigments—General Classification and Description
14.1 Definition of Paint
14.2 Purposes of Pigments in Paint
14.3 Tyeps of Pigments
14.4 Principles of Hiding Power
14.5 Hiding Power of Paint
14.6 Extender Pigments
14.6.1 General Properties of Extenders
14.7 Pigment Manufacturing
14.7.1 Silicate Pigments
14.7.2 Barium Sulfate Pigments
14.7.3 Calcium Sulfate Pigments
14.7.4 Calcium Carbonate Pigments
14.7.5 Specific Extenders
14.7.6 The Future of Extender Pigment Technology
15. White Hiding Pigment
16. Organic Toners and Mineral Pigments
16.1 Color Blending
16.2 Metallic Pigments
16.3 Blacks
16.4 Earth Colors
16.5 Inorganic Blues
16.6 Organic Blues
16.7 Browns
16.8 Greens
16.9 Organic Greens
16.10 Marron Pigments
16.11 Oranges
16.12 Reds
16.13 Violets
16.14 Yellows
17. Alkyd Resin Technology
18. Solvent-Type Resins
18.1 Brush Lacquers
18.2 Ethyl Cellulose and “Parlon”
18.2.1 Ethyl Cellulose
18.3 “Parlon”
18.4 Vinyl Resins, Polystyrene and Styrene Resins, Acrylate
and Methacrylate Resins, Allyl Resins, Pliolite, And Silicone Resins
18.4.1 Vinyl Resins
18.5 Polystyrene and Styrene Resins
18.6 Acrylate and Methacrylate Resins
18.7 Allyl Resins
18.8 “Pliolite”
18.9 Silicone Resins
19. Hydrocarbon Thinners
19.1 Volatile Lubricants
19.2 Measures of Solvency
19.3 Composition
19.4 Viscosity Reduction
19.5 Tests for Purity
19.6 Volatility
19.7 Conclusion
20. Formulation of the “Volatiles” in Nitrocellulose
Lacquers
20.1 Solvents and Diluents
20.2 Viscosity
20.3 Toluene vs. Naphtha
20.4 Effect of Resins
20.5 Flow
20.6 Latent Solvents
20.7 Evaporation
20.8 Orange Peel
20.9 Diluents
20.10 Viscosity
20.11 Blushing
20.12 Thinners
20.12.1 Typical Solvent Formulas
21. The Testing of Raw Materials
21.1 Reasons for Testing Raw Materials
21.2 Completeness of Testing
21.3 Solvents
21.3.1 Drying Oils
21.4 Resins
21.5 Conclusion
22. Resin and Varnish Manufacture
22.1 Tung Oil
22.2 Oiticica Oil
22.3 Perilla and Linseed Oils
22.4 Other Oils
22.5 Oil-Resin Combinations
22.6 Spar Varnishes
22.7 Floor Varnishes
22.8 Application Methods
23. Water and Emulsion Paints
24. Epoxy Resins
24.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Epoxy
Resins
24.1.1 Manufacture
24.1.2 Curing Mechanisms
24.1.3 Other Epoxy Resins
24.2 Two-Package or Amine-Cured Epoxy Coatings
24.2.1 Basic Curing Mechanism and Curing Agent Requirements
24.2.2 Curing Agent Selection
24.2.3 Selection of Epoxy Resin Type
24.2.4 Solvent Selection
24.2.5 Two-Package Maintenance Coatings
24.2.6 Heavy-Duty Coatings
24.2.7 Trade Sales Formulations
24.2.8 Epoxy/Coal Tar Coatings
24.2.9 Solventless and Super-High Solids Coatings
24.2.10 Zinc-Rich Epoxy Primers
24.2.11 Government Specifications
24.3 Epoxy Esters
24.3.1 Selection of Epoxy Resins and Acids for
Esterification
24.3.2 Formulation Principles and Calculations
24.3.2 Manufacturing Procedure
24.3.3 Drier Selection
24.3.4 Epoxy Esters from Liquid Epoxy Resins
24.4 High-Performance Baking Finishes
24.4.1 Epoxy-phenolic Coatings
24.4.2 Preparation
24.4.3 Amino Resin-Converted Epoxy Coatings
24.4.4 Use of Epoxy Resins with Thermosetting Acrylics
24.5 Other Types of Epoxy Coatings
24.5.1 Epoxy Powder Coatings
24.5.2 Epoxy/Polyamide-Splash Zone Coatings
24.5.3 Thermoplastic Epoxy Resin Coatings
25. White Pigments
25.1 Opacity
25.2 The Reactive White Pigments
25.2.1 Basic Carbonate White Lead
25.2.2 Basic Sulfate White Lead
25.2.3 Basic Silicate White Lead
25.2.4 Dibasic Lead Phosphite
25.2.5 Zinc Oxide
25.2.6 Leaded Zinc Oxide
25.2.7 Antimony Oxide
25.3 The Nonreactive White Pigments
25.3.1 Zinc Sulfide
25.3.2 Lithopone
25.3.3 Titanium Pigments
26. Coloured Pigments
26.1 Chrome Yellows
26.2 Zinc Yellows
26.3 Strontium Yellow
26.4 Nickel Titanate Yellow
26.5 Nickel Azo Yellow
26.6 Cadmium Yellow
26.7 Yellow Iron Oxide
26.8 Hansa Yellows
26.9 Benzidine Yellows
26.10 Vat Yellows
26.11 Chrome Orange
26.12 Molybdate Orange
26.13 Cadmium Orange
26.14 "Mercadium" Orange
26.15 Benzidine Orange
26.16 Dinitraniline Orange
26.17 Vat Dye Oranges
26.18 Chrome Greens
26.19 Chromium Oxide
26.20 Hydrated Chromium Oxide
26.21 Copper Phthalocyanine Green
26.22 Organic Green Toners
26.23 Iron Blues
26.24 Copper Phthalocyanine Blues
26.25 Ultramarine Blue
26.26 Organic Blue Toners
26.27 Indanthrone Blue
26.28 Carbazole Dioxazine Violet
26.29 Organic Violet Toner
26.30 Mineral Violet
26.31 Quinacridone Violet
26.32 Lithols
26.33 Para Reds
26.34 Toluidine Reds
26.35 Lithol Rubine
26.36 Chlorinated Para Red
26.37 Quinacridone Reds and Maroons
26.38 Red Iron Oxide
26.39 Cadmium Red and Maroons
26.40 "Mercadium" Reds and Maroons
26.41 Red Lead
26.42 Thioindigo Reds and Maroons
26.43 Arylide Maroons
26.44 Siennas, Ochers and Umbers
26.45 Carbon Blacks, Lampblacks and Bone Blacks
26.46 Tinting Properties of Colored Pigments
27. Paint Formulation
27.1 Art
27.2 Science
27.3 Raw Materials
27.4 Manufacture
27.5 Cost
27.6 Performance
27.7 Principles
27.8 Pigment Volume Concentration
27.9 Critical Pigment Volume Concentration
27.10 Pigments
27.11 Vehicle
27.12 Solvents and Driers
27.13 Formulation Example
27.14 White House Paint
27.15 Computer
28. Pigment Dispersion
28.1 Definition
28.2 Method
28.3 Equipment
28.4 Mill Base Formulation
28.5 Setting Up a Laboratory Formula
28.6 Equipment Setups and Limitations
28.7 Tank Configuration
28.8 Premixers
28.9 Conclusions
29. Emulsion Paints
29.1 Ingredients of an Emulsion Paint
29.1.1 Surfactants
29.1.2 Behavior of Emulsions
29.1.3 Protective Colloid
29.1.4 pH
29.2 Emulsion Formation
29.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization
29.2.2 Ingredients
29.2.3 Post-Emulsification
29.3 Stability of Emulsions
29.4 Phase Volume
30. Aluminum Pigments and Paints
30.1 History
30.2 Methods of Manufacture
30.3 Properties and Characteristics of the Pigment
30.3.1 Particle Size Characteristics
30.3.2 Light Reflectance
30.3.3 Heat Reflectance
30.3.4 Water Permeability
30.3.5 Density
30.3.6 Chemical Characteristics
30.3.7 Leafing Layer
30.3.8 Leafing Stability
30.3.9 Toxicity Hazards
30.4 Aluminium Pigment Products
30.4.1 Standard Products
30.4.2 Special Products
30.5 Testing Aluminum Pigments
30.6 Aluminum Paints
30.6.1 Maintenance Paints
30.6.2 Heat-Resistant Aluminum Paints
30.6.3 Trade Sales and Aerosol Paints
30.6.4 Colored Aluminum Paints
30.6.5 Roof-Coatings
30.6.6 Aluminum Priming Paints
30.6.7 Industrial Finishing
30.6.8 Hammer Finishes
30.6.9 Colored Metallescent Enamels
30.6.10 Flamboyant Finishes
30.6.11 Brilliant or Chrome Finishes
30.7 Application Methods
31. BIS Specifications
32. ISO Standards
33. Factory Layout
34. Photographs of Plant and Machinery with Supplier’s Contact Details
• Alkyd Resin Plant
• Paint Making Machine
• Paint Manufacturing Machine
• Paint Manufacturing Plant
• Thermoplastic Paint Making Machine
• Floor Paint Making Machine
• Lacquer Coating Making Machine
• Coating Varnishing Machine
• Roll Varnish Machine
• Impregnation Vessel
• Vacuum Pressure Impregnation System
• Varnish Plate Making Equipment
• Solvent Packaging Machine
• Surface Protection Film Coating Machine
• Primer Making Machine
• Thinner Filling Machine
• Pigment Color Mixer Machine
• Roll Mill
• Colloid Mill Machine
• Paint Filtration Machine
